The Point of Prom free essay sample

What is the purpose of prom precisely? Presently that is simply the inquiry Ive been posing and each other living being a major part of my life for as far back as scarcely any months. Consider it. Secondary school upperclassmen get all spruced up and display themselves around at a get-together. I am truly anticipating going this year, however as hard as I have attempted, I just dont get it. Since early March, I have been wildly attempting to discover everything required for prom. Date? Check. I go to an all young ladies school, so every move is Sadie Hawkins style. My sweetheart fits the part as my date which made this the one part of my readiness that I didn't have to worry over. Dress? Check. Who might have known the cost of dresses nowadays? Fortunately, I have family within and they had the option to give me a quite decent markdown. We will compose a custom paper test on The Point of Prom or on the other hand any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Prom tickets? Check. The cost, indeed, was staggering (one hundred and fifty dollars for three hours of ideally endurable fun). That would make sense of to be fifty dollars an hour which is twenty-five dollars for every individual every hour. On the off chance that solitary my activity paid that much. In this way, prom is a move. All things considered, theres an issue here. I dont move and Im not trying to say that to be humble. My mark move comprises of the seventies disco style moving made total by my legs wildly running set up. I cannot control them. The music begins thus does my move. I surmise my beau and I will simply need to sit during the moving part. Indeed, theres another issue. My dress is so lovely; it doesnt like to be sat on. At whatever point I attempt to plunk down, it chokes out me. The back binding is styled after a good old bodice and it must be bound up firmly so as to forestall a closet glitch. This exceptionally rich style, be that as it may, won't permit me to inhale and sit all the while. We could simply stroll around the move floor. Be that as it may, I am struck by another issue. My feet in four inch impact points battle with the condition called HTS (impact point stumbling disorder). This issue happens at whatever point I wear heels for extensive stretches of time. Presently, to the clothing of prom: dont even kick me off on the cummerbund. What on the planet is a cummerbund? My mother has disclosed it to me. My auntie has disclosed it to me. My cousin who possesses the dress shop has disclosed it to me. Im sorry, however I just dont get it. I surmise its only a bit of texture intended to keep pants from tumbling down. Why dont they use belts? I like the appearance of belts. Cummerbunds look unusual. Theyre all thick and abnormally hued. Do men by any chance wear cummerbunds any longer? Why dont suits have cummerbunds? That has me wonder about the effect among suits and tuxedos. They appear to be identical as I would see it. Additionally, for what reason are tuxedos so costly? Suits arent that costly. Tuxedos look amusing. What is the reason for those entertaining looking tails on the back? I am again compelled to consider strange looking cummerbunds. I dont get it. I additionally wonder why our families make such a serious deal of prom. My whole family and my whole beaus family think its an enormous exceptional event. Theyve all welcomed themselves over to see us off. Indeed, every one of them. My grandmother will be there. My auntie will be there. My mother, obviously, will be there. The seven individuals from my beaus family will be there. What's more, dislike this is even my senior prom. Im just a lesser. Shouldnt everybody simply hold up until Im a senior and afterward make this into a greater arrangement than it is? Anyway, back to my unique inquiry, what is the purpose of prom? I burn through several dollars to worry over the chance of moving wildly, choking, and stumbling on what ought to be the most exquisite and fun night of my secondary school life. The more I attempt to think about a point, the more I am persuaded that possibly there is no point, at any rate not the sort of point I have been scanning for. The purpose of prom isn't philosophical. The purpose of prom isn't mind boggling. The purpose of prom is basically to commend the finish of a multi year venture or to get ready for the start of what may turn into the most important year of secondary school.

Postmodern Frame Essay †Text in Art Essay

The utilization of content inside to the visual expressions can be followed back the extent that the recorded carvings found on cavern dividers made by the Indigenous populace of Australia roughly 46000 years prior. Be that as it may, in the course of recent years, the utilization of content in workmanship, otherwise called the craft of typography, has become a successive methods for correspondence for specialists in the making of their works. Content inside workmanship can be anticipated, scribbled, painted, automated and cut to the point that a work might be made of only language. The specialty of typography is the method of masterminding type so that makes language obvious. It regards textual styles as individual elements to be delighted in by the crowd. A few specialists manage language as a character all alone rather than a surface to draw upon. These specialists place messages in manners that are expected to invigorate the manner in which a group of people sees a work, to bring out feeling or to make an announcement. In any case, others, especially visual planners, will in general spotlight on the enhancing forces of content. Despite the artist’s aims, the presence of content inside workmanship can move our valuation for their sound and significance. Specialists that investigate message in workmanship include: Barbara Kruger, Yukinori Yanagi, Katarzyna Kozyra, Jenny Holzer, Wenda Gu, Shirin Neshat, Miriam Stannage, Colin McCahon and Jenny Watson. Specialists, for example, Jenny Holzer, Wenda Gu and Shirin Neshat investigate the social ramifications of language in craftsmanship and the significance of language to personality through the incorporation of content that mirror a postmodern worry with the manner in which we get data in our contemporary society. Jenny Holzer is an American calculated craftsman who has a place with the women's activist part of craftsmen that rose during the 1980’s. Initially a theoretical painter and printmaker, Holzer turned out to be vigorously intrigued by reasonable workmanship and started making works utilizing content. The presentation of content inside Holzer’s work happened bit by bit in any case, after some time, they have completely supplanted pictures. These works are typically shown in generally seen, open territories. Holzer’s works regularly manage the possibility of correspondence. She is exceptionally mindful of the intensity of words and the intensity of the media and accordingly has an attention on the capacity of language to contort or control certainties. â€Å"I was attracted to composing since it was conceivable to be extremely unequivocal about things. In the event that you have urgent issues, consuming issues, it’s great to state precisely what’s good and bad about them, and afterward maybe to show a way that things would benefit from outside intervention. In this way, it appeared to bode well to compose in light of the fact that then you could simply say it†¦ no work of art appeared to be great. Specifically, I didn’t need to be a story pa inter, which possibly would have been one answer for somebody needing to be explicit.† †Jenny Holzer. Using content in craftsmanship, Holzer can transmit ground-breaking ecological, social and political messages that uncover convictions and fantasies and show predispositions and irregularities that feature her social and individual worries of today’s contemporary society. Holzer’s works are standing up to and provocative and motivate us to make changes. They cause us to recollect that language isn't generally a verifiable explanation; it very well may be valid or bogus relying upon the specific circumstance. Holzer compels us to break down our own conduct and consider how we have been affected and controlled. Her works are intended to make us stop and consider how we are developing socially. Holzer’s axioms â€Å"MONEY CREATES TASTE †1982† and â€Å"PROTECT ME FROM WHAT I WANT †1985† are a piece of her 1983-85 arrangement †â€Å"Survival†. These are LED establishment pieces comprising of enormous scope message that were anticip ated onto a board in Times Square, New York. The engravings were brilliant, clear and threatening and associated themselves to the ordinary gleam of the city. The expressions were flicked over the bustling crossing point for a few seconds making a component of shock and catching the audience’s consideration. The fundamental focal point of these works was to offer a significant expression about the universe of promoting and purchaser society today. Holzer’s point was to convince the crowd to delay and ponder their lives. Her work underscores the thought that inside our general public, we are driven by the universe of media, along these lines creating a mass materialistic, consumerist culture. â€Å"MONEY CREATES TASTE† is just about a supplication from Holzer to remain back and evaluate our requirements as a culture as opposed to what we are taken care of to accept we need by the media. The utilization of this compact articulation â€Å"PROTECT ME FROM WHAT I WANT† has given us that we are losing our character and feeling of culture and can be controlled by the hidden intentions of the media. Shirin Neshat is an Iranian conceived craftsman who, after turning seventeen, moved to California to contemplate workmanship. In 1990 when Neshat flew back to Iran to visit her family, she was stood up to by the adjustments in culture and the thin limitations of regular day to day existence in the Islamic Republic. She was looked by an exceptionally exacting, unadulterated type of Islam presented by the Iranian government so as to eradicate Persian history. Since having lived in the two social settings of Iraq and the USA, Neshat can look at the social worries of individual creatures in an allegorical and graceful manner. She endeavors to address issues of personality, race and sexual orientation in a stunning way and expects to sabotage social generalizations and presum ptions. Her works investigate the contrasts among Islam and the West, guys and females, confinements throughout everyday life and opportunity, old and new and general society and the private spaces. Neshat expected to incite inquiries among her crowd as she investigated Islam through her specialty making and remarks on issues identified with woman's rights and multiculturalism. Notwithstanding, her works were not just angry and representative; Neshat likewise gave specific consideration to style. In her 1994 print and ink, â€Å"Rebellious Silence†, Neshat portrays an Islamic, Muslim lady, shrouded in a cloak holding a firearm. Her quiet face is separated by the obviousness of the chilly, steel weapon and is bound with Islamic calligraphy representative of the Niqab, a progressively extraordinary shroud that an Islamic lady must wear as it connotes her acquiescence to the male matchless quality in Islamic culture. Her attire and weapon make us question whether this lady has dismissed her compliant female job to grasp brutality. She is taking a gander at the camera and looks resolved to battle. Inquiries of intentions emerge among the crowd. Neshat’s 1996 work â€Å"Speechless† is a highly contrasting photo where Neshat has decided to make herself the subject. This picture is a nearby of Neshat’s face. She looks decided and incredible in any case, similar to her creation â€Å"Rebellious Silence† †her face is secured with an overlay of Islamic content. The Arabic engravings that make the cover go about as a boundary. It represents the help of the Islamic insurgency. The visual battle among Neshat and the shroud is illustrative of the battle for opportunity and the help of religion. By putting the content all over, the body part where individuals can recognize feelings the most, it fills in as a token of the force that religion has over ladies and the persecution it has towards free articulation. The weapon in the image is another juxtaposition. The lady is by all accounts holding onto the firearm as a piece of her, emitting a compromising inclination, and yet, it doesn't feel hazardous due to her tangled feelings: opportunity versus mistreatment. The engravings recount a man who passed on in the Iran/Iraq strife of the 1980’s. This is additionally offending to the ladies who likewise encountered this contention. Her craft doesn't object nor affirm of Islam, however rather urges the crowd to consider their own thoughts, presumptions and desires. He works convey both individual and enthusiastic implications. Wenda Gu was conceived in China and examined conventional, old style scene painting. He was utilized to instruct ink painting and despite the fact that he no longer practices in China, content stays integral to his work. This underlying specialized preparing has given the motivation to his most going up against pieces in which the ground-breaking utilization of language challenges social and political customs. â€Å"These are addressing and representative works that disregard the standard teaching of aesthetic worth. They speak to an immediate danger to authority.† Michael Sullivan. Gu aggressively endeavors to address, in artic terms, the issue of globalism that overwhelms conversations of contemporary financial matters, society and culture. He means to request not exclusively to the current populace, yet in addition to people in the future in his journey to expand the limits of human observation, feeling and thought and express humanity’s most profound wishes and ground-breaking dreams. Gu endeavors to bind together humanity and make an idealistic vibe inside his works. Gu attempted to rearrange the Chinese language and to urge individuals to grasp new perspectives towards their old language. He consolidates a long standing interest with traditional Chinese calligraphy with a contemporary interpretation of widespread worries that culturally diverse and ethnic limits. Gu’s work today focusses broadly on thoughts of culture and his character and has built up an enthusiasm for real materials and understanding humankind across ethnic and national limits. Gu’s 1994-96 work â€Å"Pseudo Characters Contemplation of the world† is a progression of ink artworks where he utilizes customary calligraphic styles and methods however sabotages them with switched, topsy turvy or off base letters. The pseudo character arrangement comprises of three ink on paper looks in which he has joined calligraphy and scene, upsetting the shows of both, capably mutilating aesthetic convention of China

The Role of Government in Policy Making

While perusing Chapter 2 on The Role of Government in Policy Making, I saw that in the content it expressed that â€Å"all fields of training are influenced by the social and authoritative approach settled on by legal choices. † (Donald E. Chambers and Kenneth R. Wedel. Distributed by Allyn and Bacon pg. 35). The YWCA furnishes ladies and kids with a few distinct administrations. It is fundamental that the association is cautious about what they are doing with their customers and watch the arrangements for these social programs.The legal part of the administration has a ton of control over these social projects and can totally suspend the program in specific situations. This is done so as to keep the association steady with court orders. â€Å"The legal branch confines or extends the intensity of government executives and authorities so they are reliable with past court choices, with legislative standards, and (some of the time) with the central established privileges of resi dents. † (Donald E. Chambers and Kenneth R. Wedel. Distributed by Allyn and Bacon).The laws that are set up for this association or associations like the YWCA can impact the dynamic and its everyday activities by a straightforward change in law. An adjustment in law could imply that the prerequisites have been modified or changed and so as to support their customers appropriately, there are rules that should be met. â€Å"The legal executive both makes over again and reshapes old social approach. (Donald E. Chambers and Kenneth R. Wedel. Distributed by Allyn and Bacon). I found that the YWCA needs to just participate in exercises identified with its crucial purpose.â€Å"The Association may not take part in any exercises that don't further the Mission or its motivations as set out in the Articles of Incorporation and these Bylaws. † (http://www. cortlandywca. organization/pdf/ywcabylaws07. pdf) Some of the laws read were exceptionally specific about the dos and donâ₠¬â„¢ts of the association. The data read shows that these laws set up unquestionably impacts the associations dynamic everyday activities. These progressions that the legal branch make causes the association to remain alert in ensuring they follow guidelines.The job that the court framework or law played in molding arrangements that influence the YWCA is essential. The courts are exceptionally associated with the evaluative procedure. â€Å"The open approach esteems the court is allowed to assess are identified with however autonomous from the political qualities which inspired the presence or nonappearance of a statute†. The court framework benefits the YWCA immensely considering they give asylum and insurance from misuse. â€Å"Each year the YWCA helps many people get insurance from misuse arranges, and gives casualty support in criminal and common court cases.The YWCA court advocate gives help to casualties who are engaged with the area court framework. † (http://ww w. ywcaofwichita. organization/program-court-backing. htm). Realizing that the court framework can not just negatively affect the association yet in addition help ladies who are in an injurious circumstance, and escape from whatever the issue is, regardless of what her monetary circumstance might be. â€Å"Courts can shape and edge social approach as to regulatory decisions just as enactment. † (Donald E. Chambers and Kenneth R. Wedel. Published by Allyn and Bacon).Reading this entry has help me to acknowledge how the legal framework truly influences non-benefit associations or associations when all is said in done. Any association that meets the rules of the legal framework are influenced by its strategies. Keeping associations reliable with the court orders guarantees the association compelling execution when managing customers. At whatever point a legal choice has been made it is significant for that association to be all around educated so that there is no end of the pr ogram.Although the authoritative and official branches are chosen by the individuals, the legal branch is a presidential pick. It is imperative to stay with the approaches, and methods and be set up for any progressions that may emerge. Having a review of how the association and the administration functions with regards to a specific circumstance assists with helping me better get ready for future undertakings. These laws and legal choices influence associations all around the globe, it very well may be an advantage to all, if everybody is all around educated on what is happening and what is to come.

Child labor in pakistan Essay Example

Kid work in pakistan Essay Kid work alludes to the work of children at standard and supported work. It is the all day work of children under an insignificant legitimate age. The example of youngster work is viewed as illicit by numerous states and exploitatory by numerous universal associations. ( Child Labor at Distrcit Level, 2009 ) Child work is one of the occupations that happen as a result of the reactions to the financial employments looked by helpless children. In generally created and rising states, utilization of children as works is considered as crime of human rights and is banned, while some less fortunate and creating states do process and let kid work. We will compose a custom exposition test on Child work in pakistan explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on Child work in pakistan explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on Child work in pakistan explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer In Pakistan, a state where about portion of the populace lives beneath the need line, kid work is significantly settled in and squeezing marvel. Kid work in Pakistan is winning in all divisions of the monetary framework, thought it predominantly exists in the casual part of business and locally situated industry. Pakistan s high populace developing of around 1.6 % represents numerous difficulties and takes steps to control constrained assets and cultural and financial advancement of the state. Blending to the investigation of Federal Bureau of Statistics ( FBS ) in 2002, the figure of working children in Pakistan was about 3.5 million or 7 % of the whole work power in Pakistan. Nonetheless, the children younger than 10 and those working in nearly nothing and family worries that are non enlisted with the specialists were non the bit of the examination. So the existent figure is considered to be a lot higher than the official figures. In Pakistan, kids matured 5-14 are around 40 million. The investigation led by UNISEF in 2003, assessed that 8 million children younger than 14 are locked in as works. The majority of them are locked in as works in block oven factories, floor covering weaving focuses, agribusiness, little ventures and household administrations. The investigation other than showed that rustic and urban proportion of child works was 7:1. The state with most figure of occurrences of youngster work was Punjab with around 60 % of the whole child work populace. HISTORY AND IMPACT OF CHILD LABOR IN PAKISTAN Kid work has been predominant in Pakistan in all the segments of the monetary framework, however it to a great extent exists in casual division of business and in the spot based industry. In late 1890ss, the undertaking of child work developed as a genuine thought because of universal presentation. In 1996, Pakistan s Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto recognized the activity of child work in the state and reported the program to smother it. In his location in April 1998, Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif expressed that the activity of child work involved a remarkable topographic point in the docket of specialists of Pakistan. In 1999, Federal minister for work and work power, Shaikh Rashid declared a four point strategy for controling youngster work in Pakistan. In Jan-99, specialists reported the bill of trade of the work approach. The strategy visualized that the specialists is resolved to stop kid work. It was other than guaranteed by the specialists of Pakistan in 2000, that the statute to smother kid work and reinforced work at a financial degree would be actualized in 2002 and till 2005 ; there would be no fortified work or kid work in Pakistan. Considerably after so much mandates and guarantees by the specialists of Pakistan, the exertion has non been fruitful till now. In spite of the fact that the issue has gotten universal joining in and grouped associations at global degree like ILO and UNICEF are take separating in the issue, still the advancement in this occasion is truly moderate. In disposing of and making awareness against youngster work in Pakistan numerous networks are holding an intrigue. A portion of these networks/independent natural structures working for the reason are: Administration of Pakistan Kids Parliament Pakistan Worldwide Labor Organization Joined countries childrens subsidize Other NGO s, Society and Media All the above specialists and private natural structures are effectively working for the decimation of kid work in Pakistan. The issue has been truly tended to by the above natural structures either independently or in simultaneousness with some other natural structure. The capacity of every one of the previously mentioned natural structure in the devastation of youngster work in Pakistan is as per the following: Administration OF PAKISTAN: Government of Pakistan has been effectively working for the demolition of youngster work in Pakistan. Exercises of specialists towards the issue have been inferring significant going to since late 1990 s, when the undertaking of child work developed as a genuine thought because of global introduction. In Jan-99, specialists declared the bill of trade of the work arrangement. The approach imagined that the specialists is resolved to stop kid work. It was other than guaranteed by the specialists of Pakistan in 2000, that the statute to smother youngster work and reinforced work at a financial degree would be executed in 2002 and till 2005 ; there would be no fortified work or kid work in Pakistan. In spite of the fact that the specialists has non had the option to introduce on the guarantees made because of the expanded political failings in the organization, still there have been continuous endeavors made on their bit. Government other than distinguished de stitution and insufficiency of guidance for kids as main drivers for the child work in the state. ( Arshad ) The current experts in Pakistan has made basic guidance necessary for kids. Alongside that, the specialists has other than made the arrangement of regulating free books in elementary schools. This would help the guardians, who can non manage the cost of their child s guidance and school disbursals can guide their children to schools. Alongside the entirety of the abovementioned, the undermentioned Torahs are made by specialists of Pakistan to go to the issue ( Pakistan ) : National Child Labor Laws: In Pakistan a child is characterized as an individual more youthful so fifteen. The lawful negligible age for work of children is 14 for typical concerns and 15 for railways and mines. The essential law of Islamic majority rule government of Pakistan forbids constrained work, servitude, and work of children underneath the age of 14. The specialists of Pakistan states that the work assessors are enabled to ship out standard visits to all business topographic focuses secured under work of children act 1991 to investigate the congruity of the law at that topographic focuses. Training Laws: Articles 37 ( B ) A ; ( degree Celsius ) of the central law of Pakistan announces open strategy to take absence of education and gracefully free and compulsory auxiliary guidance inside the insignificant conceivable periodA [ and to ] A do capable and proficient guidance all around accessible and higher guidance each piece available to all on the balance of righteousness . Regardless of a statute in 1962 requiring each state to name nations where essential guidance is compulsory, none of the states have gone along. Starting at now, the current experts in Pakistan has made straightforward guidance necessary for kids. Alongside that, the specialists has other than made the strategy of directing free books in grade schools. Worldwide Conventions: Pakistan is involved with ILO show refering insignificant time of work in the business and UN show for privileges of the child. Through above authoritative gatherings and Torahs, and to some other convenient statutes, the specialists of Pakistan is moving as a functioning network partner in decimation of kid work in the state. In spite of the fact that in present situation Pakistan is suffering through political failings, yet specialists is resolved to take the work one measure in front. Kids PARLIAMENT OF PAKISTAN: The children s parliament for Pakistan was propelled on 14-Nov-08, by Society for the Protection of the Rights of Child ( SPARC ) . The main motivation behind this parliament is to make cognizance and advance child rights in the state. The individuals were chosen from various schools of Peshawar, Islamabad, Faisalabad, Karachi, Lahore and so on. Other than providing fundamental rights to each child in Pakistan different points of this parliament are: End kid work Instruct each child Give clinical establishments to kids Ensure the children In add-on, kids parliament fills in as their voice to pass on the difficulties and occupations looked by the children to specialists of Pakistan. Global LABOR ORGANIZATION: With the undertaking of youngster work in Pakistan determining universal joining in, ILO has affixed its stairss to go to the issues. ILO does conveniently evaluate inside grouped businesses in Pakistan construing huge total of youngster work. ( International Program for riddance of youngster work ) Based on the investigation they come out with study considers turn toing the issue and asking approaches to cover with the condition of affairss. The absolute most recent investigations directed by ILO in Pakistan are: Study on Child Labor in Kasur Tanneries in 2004 Study on Child Labor in Glass Bangles industry in Hyderabad-2004 Study on kid work in careful instruments manufacturing industry in Sialkot Study on kid work in coal mineshaft ventures in Chakwal, Noshera and Shangla ILO has other than been working with the specialists of Pakistan controlling them from clasp to cut on this issue. It is other than moving as a ticker Canis familiaris, investigating the manners by which specialists is turn toing the issue. Joined countries childrens subsidize: The name UNICEF needs no presentation. Joined Nation International Children s Emergency Fund, an UN association has efficiently progressing in the direction of the improvement of children in creating st

7003 Example

7003 Example 7003 â€" Essay Example > April 23, 2012.IntroductionMagnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become a very common and reliable way of diagnosing patients. Due to advance in technology and detailed information about the diagnosis in question, many people have relied on this procedure for the detailed and quality images. However it has not been without challenges and some of the challenges are the burns that result from these procedures. RF burn is damage caused to the skin or other tissues and they are mostly caused by ionizing radiation or exposure to energy from radio frequency. During medical imaging high exposure to X rays can result to these burns. Body cells are damaged by ionizing radiation when they interact as this result to damage. The body reacts to this and what results is an erythema (Diaz, et. al, 2010 pp 413). This is redness around the affected area. In most cases radio burns are associated to cancer because of the ability of ionizing radiation to cause damage to DNA thus making the cell cancer ous. Radio frequency burns can be of first, second or third degree. Some of the burns are usually treated by plastic surgery. CausesMagnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is considered a safe diagnostic procedure. However excessive heating can result to injuries to the person who is undergoing the MR procedures. Some of the causes of these burns include: physiologic monitors, objects that are made from conductive materials, damaged coils and electronically activated devices. Heating of implants can sometimes be problematic if the devices are made from conductive materials whose shape is elongated or those that form loops with a certain diameter (ECRI Institute, 2008 pp 379). Excess MRI heating has been witnessed for particular types of catheters that have thermistors, guide wires, leads and also certain cervical fixation devices. The degree and nature of the health effects that result from overexposure to radio frequency is dependent on the intensity, frequency and exposure duration. Th e distance from the source of the radio frequency is also a determinant of the effect it causes. Shielding of these frequencies can also determine the effect they cause. One of the main effects of exposure to radio frequencies causes heating of body tissues because the body absorbs energy from the radio frequency fields. If a person is exposed to this kind of energy for long their body temperatures increases and they develop symptoms similar to those of somebody who have been involved in a physical exercise (Hardy Weil, 2010 pp 607). In rare cases or even the body is exposed to other heat sources at the same time a person’s body system may find it hard to cool due to the heat load and this ends up to heat exhaustion or stroke (Haik, et al, 2009 pp 295). Heat of specific positions for long which is also known as localized heating can be disastrous as it result to damage of the internal tissues. Non uniform fields are responsible of forming hot spots due to refraction of the radi o frequency fields within the body. This may also be caused by interaction between the radio frequency fields and the metallic implants in the body like aneurism clips and cardiac pace makers. Those body organs that have poor heat control are at a higher risk of damage resulting from heat. These organs include eye lens and the testes. Burns and shock result from flow of electric currents between the person and the conducting object when they are exposed to these fields (Jacob, et al. 2010 pp 848). There have been laboratory researches that have identified very low heating that result to tissue heating.

Average Princeton SAT Scores

High school students who dream of earning a degree from Princeton University have a lot of steps to take in order to make that dream into reality. Students applying to Princeton must meet a variety of academic requirements. One of those requirements is a relatively high score on the SAT. Learn about average SAT scores for Princeton students. In addition, find out how high school students can achieve their best score on this important exam. The Average SAT Score at Princeton When looking at students accepted to Princeton, average SAT scores range around 2250Â  for the old version of the SAT (the average score for the new version of the SAT will probably be around 1520 the school has yet to disclose this). This score places a student in the 99th percentile of test-takers. Again, this score is based on the scoring system for the current SATÂ   the highest possible score that a student can earn on the current version of the SAT is 1600. How to Achieve an Impressive SAT Score When it comes to gaining admission to Princeton, SAT scores can carry weight with admissions officers. While there’s no official cutoff, a strong score can do nothing but help a strong application overall. Fortunately, there are several things students can do to prep for the test and earn an impressive score. One of the most valuable resources a student has is a practice test. A student can pinpoint which subjects they need to work on by examining the results of a practice test. This is an effective way for students to achieve the score they need to feel confident about applying to Princeton. Average SAT scores for Princeton students are high but may be achieved with persistent, focused study. At Veritas Prep, we offer students both online and in-person study options to help them prepare for the SAT. We recognize the level of study necessary for students who want to apply to Princeton: SAT scores can play a critical part in the final decision of admissions officers, after all. Our prep courses provide students with test-taking tips and strategies they can use to simplify questions and showcase their strengths in every subject on the SAT. What Other Factors Are Considered by Admissions Officers at Princeton? Certainly, an SAT score of 2250 or higher is a plus on any student’s application to Princeton. But a student’s SAT score is just one of many things considered by admissions officers. They also look at a student’s grades in high school as well as the types of classes taken by the individual. Did a student take advanced courses throughout high school? If so, this demonstrates a student’s intellectual curiosity and willingness to push their skills to the limit. A student’s application essay is another element that carries a lot of weight with admissions officers. In fact, a student’s essay gives officials insight into the person’s character and motivations. It allows admissions officers a look at the person behind the test scores and transcripts. Extracurricular activities and recommendation letters also play a part in the evaluation process. Princeton admissions officers are looking to fill all of the spots in a freshman class with stude nts who are most likely to strive for great success at the school. For students who want to go to Princeton, SAT requirements can seem daunting. Naturally, ambitious students want to do all they can to live up to the high academic standards set by the officials at Princeton. SAT subject tests are also a consideration for high school students who want to apply to this prestigious university. Admissions officers at Princeton recommend that applicants take two SAT subject tests. Students who want assistance preparing for the SAT as well as the SAT subject tests can get the help they need from our talented team of instructors at Veritas Prep. Each of our instructors scored in the top one percent of individuals taking the SAT. This means that high school students who work with our professional instructors are learning from the best! Along with solid academic assistance, our instructors are experts at supplying students with the support and encouragement they need to succeed. Contact Veritas Prep today and let us help you prepare for and master the SAT.

Loving Un Truth, and Fain in Verse My Love to Show

Loving un truth,and fain in verse My love to Show Philip Sidney Analysis 1: Like other creative persons of the period, Sidney also came under the influence of sonneteering. Thus a series of sonnets addressed to a single lady, expressing and reflecting on the developing relationship between the poet and his love grew up. Though the story does not have to be literal autobiography and questions of ‘sincerity’ are hardly answered, Sidney’s love for Stella, on the artistic level, has been traced to love-affair of the poet’s own life. Stella is said to be Penelope Devereux, who did not or could not reciprocate the love and married Lord Rich. It is, in fact, owing to the predisposition of the mind created by the Romantic tradition of†¦show more content†¦Thus, the last line of the sonnet turns out to be a direct statement of Sidney’s critical creed that great poetry does not result from imitation of other poets, but from the expression of personal experience and passion. Such views on poetic creation are similar to those o f the Romantic poets. Analysis 2: This poem is about Sir Phillip Sidney trying to write a poem that is good enough to win the heart of his beloved. The rhyme scheme is ABAB ABAB CDCDEE, which is a mix between an English and Italian style of sonnet. In line 2 of the poem, Sidney says, â€Å"some pleasure of my pain†. In the poem, the word â€Å"pain† means the pains of love and also the pain that comes from the effort to try and write good poetry. Sidney then goes onto a flow of logic. He believes that a well-written poem will give his love pleasure and knowledge of the anguish that he faces. These feelings will give rise to pity for Sidney, and this pity will eventually give rise to love. Sidney goes on to write that he has tried to â€Å"paint the blackest face of woe†. Here Sidney uses the word â€Å"paint† as a metaphor. Once again, the word â€Å"woe† has the dual-meanings of his anguish of love and his pain for trying to write a good poem. He also is personifying these feelings of anguish that he is experiencing. In line 6, Sidney uses the word â€Å"inventions† to mean inspirations.

Charles Dickens Great Expectations Essay - 2211 Words

Pips False Expectations nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; In Charles Dickens Great Expectations, the reader is taken through the journey of a little boy as he pursuits his dream and great expectations beyond his common self. Pips, the protagonist, dream of becoming a gentleman is realized upon his meeting of Estella, the love of his life. Pip changes from an innocent, sensitive and common young boy to a selfish, rejecting adolescent. He is led into making grave mistakes based on his false expectations of marrying Estella and being a gentleman. In the end, he learns that all his aspirations have been based on false presumptions and expectation of his ability to rise above his past and become something better.†¦show more content†¦However, Pip brings Joe to Miss Havisham, on her request. Pip is embarrassed of Joes clothing, the way he fiddles with his hat and how he walks on his tiptoes as they enter the house of Miss Havisham. He comments that Joes dialect seems unusually strong and illiterate. As Miss Havi sham questions Joe about starting Pip on his apprenticeship, Joe directs his answers towards Pip, who continually tries to make Joe address Miss Havisham. He is embarrassed of Joe and for Joe. Pip is now the apprentice to Joe, a blacksmith, and is sent home with no more welcomed invitations to Satis House. He reflects on his new job, quot;I was truly wretched, and had a strong conviction on me that I should never like Joes trade. I had liked it once, but once was not now (Dickens, 104)quot; to explain the humiliation of his new quot;commonquot; job and his future of becoming a blacksmith. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The next point in Pips life that changes his attitude towards Joe and Biddy is his new found wealth granted to him from an unknown benefactor. Pip learns that he is endowed to a fortune, which will lead him to London to become a gentleman. His happiness for this endowment is unfathomable. The money changes his life as apprentice, as well as blacksmith, which he does not desire as he points out to Biddy, quot; I am not at all happy as I am. I am disgusted with my calling and with my lifeShow MoreRelatedGreat Expectations By Charles Dickens1113 Words   |  5 Pagesadventures that the male characters go on. This seems to be relevant in a lot of movies and books like the story Great Expectations by Charles Dickens. In Great Expectations there are multiple female characters like Estella, Biddy, and Miss Havisham who all play a large part in the main character, Pip’s life. One of the first that we meet the character Estella in Charles Dickens’ Great Expectations is when Pip goes to Miss Havisham’s to play with her. The two kids play the game beggar my neighbor when EstellaRead MoreGreat Expectations By Charles Dickens1347 Words   |  6 Pagespoor status of the economy, social mobility does not seem to be occurring at high rates, with the poor getting poorer and rich getting richer. Despite this, social mobility is alive and well, and has been for centuries. In his novel, Great Expectations, Charles Dickens voices the concerns of many that lived in Victorian England during the 19th century by promoting such a desire to live life in a more prosperous social class. One of the most fundamental and reoccurring themes in the novel is that ofRead MoreGreat Expectations By Charles Dickens1426 Words   |  6 Pages Twelve-year-old Charles dickens gets ready for bed after a long day at the blacking house. These Victorian-aged memories will provide him with many ideas for his highly acclaimed novel Great Expectations. Set in 1830 England, Great Expectations is a coming-of-age story about a common innocent boy named Pip and his road to becoming a gentleman through the influence of others. Pip is influenced both positively and negatively by Estella, Herbert, and Magwitch. Estella left a huge impression on PipRead MoreGreat Expectations by Charles Dickens984 Words   |  4 PagesCharles Dickens utilizes his life for inspiration for the protagonist Pip in his novel Great Expectations. They both struggle with their social standing. Dickens loved plays and theatre and therefore incorporated them into Pip’s life. Dickens died happy in the middle class and Pip died happy in the middle class. The connection Dickens makes with his life to Pip’s life is undeniable. If readers understand Dickens and his upbringing then readers can understand how and why he created Pip’s upbringingRead MoreCharles Dickens Great Expectations943 Words   |  4 Pages This is true in many cases but none as much as in Great Expectations. In many ways the narrator/protagonist Pip is Charles Dickens in body and mind. While there are many differences between the story and Charles Dickens life there remains one constant. This constant is the way Pip as the narra tor feels, because these feelings are Dickens s own feelings about the life he lead. Since Great Expectations was written towards end of Charles Dickens life, he was wiser and able to make out the mistakesRead MoreGreat Expectations By Charles Dickens1375 Words   |  6 PagesGreat Expectations by Charles Dickens and The Talented Mr Ripley by Anthony Minghella present similar criticisms of society to a large extent. Both of these texts consider the criticisms of rich social contexts (wealth and status), societal morality (whether a society is good or not. Status [can lead to the wrong people being in a high position i.e. making bad decisions affecting the community/society] Appearance [society appears to be moral/good (if you’re from a higher status) {dickens criticisesRead MoreCharles Dickens Great Expectations1223 Words   |  5 PagesBeloved author Charles Dickens was born on February 7, 1812 in Portsmouth, England. Growing up in a life of poverty, his childhood hardshi ps provided the inspiration to write a myriad of classic novels including his 1861 seminole masterpiece, Great Expectations (â€Å"BBC History - Charles Dickens†). Great Expectations follows the life of an orphan named Pip, who’s perspective of the world is altered when he is attacked by an escaped convict in his parents’ graveyard in the town of Kent. Throughout hisRead MoreGreat Expectations By Charles Dickens924 Words   |  4 Pagesa character driven novel, or a mix of the two. In order for a novel to be character driven, it must revolve more around the characters’ individual thoughts, feelings, and inner struggles, rather than around the quest of the story. Great Expectations, by Charles Dickens, is a character driven novel. While the story does have a plot, it is not contingent upon that plot, but rather is reliant upon its characters and their natures. This is evident from the beginning of the novel. From the opening ofRead MoreCharles Dickens Great Expectations1669 Words   |  7 PagesCharles Dickens He was one of England s greatest authors of the 1800 s, better known as the Victorian era. The various themes and ideas of that time are perfectly showcased in his many novels and short stories, such as Nicholas Nickelby, Great Expectations, Oliver Twist, A Tale of Two Cities, and A Christmas Carol. Much of the inspiration for these works came from the trials and conflicts that he dealt with in his own life. His volumes of fictional writing show the greatRead MoreCharles Dickens Great Expectations1017 Words   |  5 Pagesexperiencer is somewhere else absorbing knowledge of a different setting.This abstract adventure is seized by author Charles Dickens in Great Expectations. Great Expectations is historical fiction giving readers comprehension of the Victorian Era.Upon the reading, readers begin to catch on the intended purpose and its significance. A person who lived during the Victorian Era was Charles Dickens himself.He grew up during a time where differences in social class were to an extreme degree.Dickens went through

Prejudice, Trinidad, and Jamaican Exceptionalism

Prejudice, Trinidad, and Jamaican exceptionalismUWI  «Tracking no » Foun1101 CARIBBEAN CIVILISATION Student Name: ID Number: Faculty: SOCIAL SCIENCES Degree Prog.: BSc. MANAGEMENT Date: 24/02/12 Title of Article Prejudice, Trinidad, and Jamaican exceptionalism ________________________________________________________________________________________________ I certify that this is my own work and by attaching this cover sheet certify further that there are no instances of plagiarism contained herein. I submit to any penalty that the Faculty deems appropriate for any instance of plagiarism discovered in this work howsoever caused†¦ Signed: Shawn Ramsaran THE UNIVERSITY OF THE WEST INDIES†¦show more content†¦It is not difficult however, to see why this security measure was enforced by Airport Customs. Violent crimes constitute one of the greatest social problems facing Jamaica at this time. Over the past two decades, Jamaica has experienced an unparalleled increased in homicides and violent assaults. [3] In the year 2005, their murder rate was at the highest in the World, according to UN estimates.[4] Although it may seem very unfair to Jamaicans like Duggan who travel with the purest of intentions, it is impossible for the authorities to single out one or more specific individuals, who may be conspiring to perform illegal activities, out of a group of many, especially when they’ve all just departed from a crime ridden republic, and there’s a possibility that more than one may be associated in a group. They are simply performing their jobs. It certainly was severely biased, on behalf of Duggan, that Trinidad was singled out in this article and that many of the nations’ short comings were listed asShow MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pages11 Burma 700 21 Malaysia 650 9 South Africa 404 3 WORLD MIGRATION IN THE LONG TWENTIETH CENTURY Place of Residence Thousands †¢ 25 % of Total Pop. Mauritius 399 67 East Africa 352 1 Trinidad 302 37 Guyana 268 48 Fiji 198 49 Singapore 104 35 94 8 Surinam Total 4,609 Sources: Calculated from data in Galina V. Selegen, â€Å"The First Report on the Recent Population Census in the Soviet Union

Academic Stereotypes of Asian-American Students Essay...

There is a phenomenon happening in most schools throughout the country. Asian students as young as seven years olds are labeled as gifted and enrolled in various accelerate programs to further develop their talents. Certainly, most of these students are deserving of the honorable recognition. However, many skeptics do question how many of them are viewed as exceptional students based upon the stereotype: they are genetically smarter than their non-Asian peers. For many researchers, the notion of Asian students are hereditary more intelligent than other race groups as believes by Arthur Jensen, an educational psychologist, is not a valid explanation for why Asian students perform better than their counterparts. While it is evident†¦show more content†¦However, the incessant hovering and excessive involvement from Asian parents can add tremendous pressure and stress onto young Asians. In the Daily Collegian News, Penn State sophomore Trevor Hsu expresses, â€Å"It puts p ressure on Asian [students] themselves to fit that stereotype†¦they can feel that they let themselves [and their families] down because they have not achieved the level of excellence that the stereotype has set.† (qtd. in Dailey). Because they feel guilty and shameful, many Asian students are reluctant to admit to their parents and teachers that they have difficulties with class works and assignments as much as their non-Asian classmates and consequently, they do not received the support they need to improve their performance. The lack of representation for struggling students further infused the misconception of the stereotype. Since the majority of students do not understand their Asian classmates’ family dynamic and appreciate their dedication in school work, many non-Asians assumed academic achievements for Asian students happen effortlessly. While they labeled their Asian classmates as â€Å"model minority†, such compliment can evoke jealousy and resentment. To examine the relationship between positive stereotypes and negative feelings, researchers William Maddux, Adam Galinsky, Amy Cuddy and Mark Polifroni conducted four studies with Northwestern University students. These studies show support for â€Å"a phenomenon calledShow MoreRelatedThe Pros And Cons Of Asian Stereotypes922 Words   |  4 Pagesso many people stereotype the Asian race as the world currently does? It is found to be very common to be stereotyped based off appearance and cultural background. Most commonly the Asian ethnic group, who would be stereotyped as, geniuses, smart, good at math, short, being unable to see and many other things. Some stereotypes might be taken as a compliment or even be true for some however, the Asian race is not entitled to these stereotypes nor do they have to follow them. Asians should not be stereotypedRead MoreThe Model Minority Myth Of Asian Americans846 Words   |  4 PagesThe Model Minority Myth The model minority stereotype suggests that Asian Americans as a group are achieving a higher level of academic, economic, and social success than the overall American population (Hartlep, 2013; Tran Birman, 2010). This stereotype is very much engrained in the American culture today; however, such acceptance does not reflect the whole truth. According to the 2010 U.S. Census, 52.4% of Asian Americans over the age of 25 have a bachelor’s degree or higher, compared toRead MoreAsian American Students : Combating The Effects Stereotypes And Cultural Differences1701 Words   |  7 PagesDevin Hong 75827376 Asian American Politics - ASAM 131 O Brien 11/13/14 Midterm - Research Dossier Asian American Students: Combating the Effects Stereotypes and Cultural Differences Introduction The population of Asian Americans and Asian immigrants in America doubled between 1980 and 1990, with the expectation to double again between 1990 and 2020. As such, Asian-Americans are one of the fastest growing ethnic groups in this country; yet their particular educational needs at the early childhoodRead MoreThe Importance Of Stereotyping1104 Words   |  5 PagesIt is more based on the person to go further in life, yet many of people live trying to be the stereotypes. Many live a life they do not due to the stereotypes, but they keep doing it since it is seen normal. Some people care more about the race and go based off of stereotypes. Stereotyping is becoming worst over time even when it comes to genders as well because some White supremacies like to make any ethnicity less than them due to the fact that they feel greater. Over the years, terms like ‘whiteRead MoreAfrican Americans And Asian Americans1421 Words   |  6 Pagesused most often to describe Asian America ns, group seen as having attained economic and education success at significantly higher rates than that of other minority groups. Although first coined by sociologist William Petersen in 1966, the term â€Å"model minority† was not popularized and nationalized as a reference to Asian Americans through radio and television outlets, and even some academics until the mid-1970s. The term was meant to convey a stereotype that Asian Americans were becoming economicallyRead MoreAnalysis Of The Article Thin Ice By Claude M. Steele969 Words   |  4 Pagesinferior. In the article, â€Å"Thin Ice† by Claude M. Steele, Steele shows how African Americans who are stereotyped or have the mental image of being stereotyped negatively can affect their success in their academic success. In the other hand, in Jennifer Lee and Min Zhou’s â€Å"The Asian American Achievement Paradox† demonstrates when a stereotype is positive it can feed one’s ego and deliver bet ter outcomes in a people’s academic achievements. Even though a large population of people can be stereotyped in aRead MoreA Summary On Asian Americans And Stereotype Promise1274 Words   |  6 PagesUnassimilable to Exceptional: the Rise of Asian Americans and â€Å"Stereotype Promise,† I think about my own experience as an Asian American student within a predominately white school and how the stereotype promise plays a big part in my life. According to both authors, stereotype promise is the promise of being viewed through the lens of a positive stereotype, which, in turn, can enhance the performance of Asian Americans students (Zhou and Lee 7). These stereotypes becomes what the author has called, â€Å"symbolicRead MoreAn Analysis Of The Model Minority Stereotype1676 Words   |  7 PagesHonors 300 : Race, Science, Society 20 November 2014 An Analysis of the Model Minority Stereotype INTRODUCTION According to the 2010 United States Census, those that identify as Asian numbered more than 14 million people, approximately 4.8% of the entire United States population (SOURCE). Despite or perhaps due to being a relatively small population, Asian Americans are not exempt from stereotyping. While a stereotype does not technically have positive or negative connotations and is simply a widelyRead MoreStereotyping of Asian American Youth: The Effects on Performance in Academics846 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout American history, the United States has been a cauldron where different diversities mix and mingle. In this hot pot of diversity, all of the ingredients (ethnicities) will not always conform to one and other; this could possibly lead to discrimination. This paper will be primarily focus on the discrimination towards Asian American youth of the 21st century and how it affects their academics. The research question guiding this investigation is â€Å"To what extent does the ste reotyping of Asian AmericanRead MoreAsian American And Asian Americans964 Words   |  4 PagesMany Asian Americans take great pride in a strong work ethic and an equally strong value system in terms of educational achievement. This cultural legacy stems from a long tradition of Asians coming into America as immigrants since the 19th century. During this time, there are third and fourth generation Asian Americans that have adopted the principles of a quality education and strong work ethic as part of being of Asian descent in a primarily white Anglo-American population. Culturally, many Asians

Hengisbury Head Coastal Processes Free Essays

What are geomorphic processes and how do they affect the coast at Hengistbury Head? Setting the scene Hengistbury Head is a scenic and historic headland near the town of Bournemouth on the south coast of England. It stands mid-way between Poole harbour and Hurst spit and forms the main division between Poole and Christchurch Bays. Coastal Processes| Description| Sub Aerial | Coastal erosional processes that are not linked to the action of the sea. We will write a custom essay sample on Hengisbury Head Coastal Processes or any similar topic only for you Order Now Erosion occurs via rain, weathering by wind and frost. Its impact is often seen in soil creep, slumping and landslides. Corrosion| When waves approach the coastline they are carrying material such as sand, shingle, pebbles and boulders. Abrasion occurs when this material is hurled against cliffs as waves hit them, wearing the cliff away. | Human activity| Much building and recreation occurs at the coast, and this increases pressure on cliff tops, making them more liable to erosion and subsidence. The building of sea defences upsets the dynamic equilibrium of the coastline| Hydraulic pressure| Cliffs and rocks contain many lines of weakness in the form of joints and cracks. A parcel of air can become trapped/compressed in these cracks when water is thrown against it. The increase in pressure leads to a weakening/cracking of the rock. | Corrasion| When waves approach the coastline they are carrying material such as sand, shingle, pebbles and boulders. Abrasion occurs when this material is hurled against cliffs as waves hit them, wearing the cliff away. | Coastal Transport| Description| Solution| Minerals are dissolved in seawater and carried in solution. The load is not visible. Load can come from cliffs made from chalk or limestone, and calcium carbonate is carried along in solution. | Suspension| Small particles are carried in water, e. g. silts and clays, which can make the water look cloudy. Currents pick up large amounts of sediment in suspension during a storm, when strong winds generate high-energy waves. | Saltation| Load is bounced along the seabed, e. g. small pieces of shingle or large sand grains. Currents cannot keep the larger and heavier sediment afloat for long periods. | Traction| Pebbles and larger sediment are rolled along the seabed. | How to cite Hengisbury Head Coastal Processes, Essay examples

Social Change World History

Question: Discuss about theSocial Changefor World History. Answer: Introduction Social change is a broad aspect and includes several important points in it. World history is the proof of the changes that have occurred over the ages. From "society" comes the word "social." A society comprises of people from different cultural backgrounds, communities and so on and consequently, the change in the society is a continuous process (Ghimire and Pimbert 2013). The essay discusses the several factors contributing towards the social change and cites several examples to make the concept of social change clearer. Social change in today's time is inevitable, and it has some positive and negative sides of it. However, social change and globalization are inter connected and because of social change and transition the world has become a global place for all. In Australia and other countries as well the society has evolved or changed over the years, and it has affected the view, thinking, and ideas of the people. Social change is also a way of interchanging ideas and thoughts a mong people of different cultures. However, the paper primarily focuses on the meaning of social change and then discusses the inevitability of the change. Some important theory along with several other key factors associated with society is broadly discussed in this paper. Social change is an alteration or change in the normal pattern of society. To understand this, one should understand the meaning of society. Society is a group of people, generally living in a common place with one or different cultural and religious beliefs. However, in some places, a society comprises of people from same cultural group whereas in some societies people from different cultures can be seen. However, from this, it can be comprehended that change or transition in society is inevitable. Social change can be of various types. It can be economical, cultural, technological, religious and so on. Society in actual is a summation of many people. Therefore the change in a society is also the reflection of the mindsets and ideas of the individual (Ghimire and Pimbert 2013). Cultural change has started many years ago and is a contemporary phenomenon in todays world that affects all humans. For, example Australia was once a land of aboriginals, but it is now a multicultural countr y. Aboriginals do exist, but their ways of life have been refined over the ages. Then in U.S once, the black Americans were not given much respect and acknowledgment but now, with the change of people's concept and thinking they are very much a part of mainstream Australia. However, social change is indeed inevitable and does not happen in a day. It takes considerable time for the change to usher in and persist in a society (Adger et al. 2013). Cultural change is a worldwide phenomenon and this change in a way shapes individuals. However, some of the basic social theories can be discussed further. Some simple and basic social theories help to understand the several actions and thoughts of people. The theories explain societies in brief and show how the world changes with a change in society. Some of the major theories of sociology can be discussed hereafter for a clear understanding of the topic. "Structural-functional theory is one of the important theories in the field of sociology. This theory proposes that society works as a unit through the contribution of several contributing factors. Our body works as a whole, but it is due to the working of several organs (Zhu and Westphal 2015). Similarly, several factors like politics, economy, infrastructure, culture work together to make society work smoothly. This, theory or illustration can be applied in practical life as well. In U.S, the society works smoothly due to the proper working their economical sector, religious norms and so. In Australia, also the society works with the help of various cultural and religious views. If this structural functionality is disturbed, then the society in a whole will suffer greatly. In this structure, change is an inevitable factor and is a continuous process (Barnes 2014). Social- conflict theory states that conflict is inevitable in any social group. Since society is made up of people from different cultural groups variation in views and ideas will persist. This can often lead to racial conflict and anarchy in society (Stroebe et al. 2012). The same happened in America. The black Africans were not treated equally and were looked down upon. This happened for several years and gradually gave birth of social conflict. After that with time, the black Africans became a part of mainstream America, and several rules and laws were made in their favor. In the year, 1960 due to this racial conflict civil rights were given to the black Americans, and now both the white Americans and black Americans have equality of rights. The same social conflict theory applies to the Australian society as well. At the time when the Europeans came and settled in Australia, a huge rift was created between the Europeans and the aborigines of the land. However, with time by stayin g in the same community, mutual understanding is developed between them, and now a new form of society has emerged out the conflict and antagonism (Lenski 2013). The theories are the guiding principles and lead us to a better understanding of a topic. The theories are not only bookish but also have its practical implications. However, it is, therefore, understandable that social conflict is unavoidable and it is a way to usher in something new. Feminism theory is not only about women or about females but it is about men as well. It plays a great role in cultural change and evolution of society. Feminism in the context of social change is all about equality of women and men in society (Stanley 2013). In this prospect, one can go back to early times when women were supposed to be managing household works and men were to work outside. Then there were several other rules for women in society. In some societies, purdha system was in vogue for women. Women had to stay behind a veil and were unable to show her face in public. In fact, in todays time also there are some places where this system still prevails. With all these, a developing change cannot happen in society. Initially, the inequality between men and women is required to be eradicated. Feminism is an important topic of discussion in this context and is the key of initiating social change. With gradual progress in time, the position of women changed in society. From mana ging household work, women now manage office works. However, the inequality persists and research shows that in U.S the women are paid less than the men are are. In offices, also, men are most likely to get good and high positions than women. Worldwide, it is seen that in government bodies there are less number of women. This societal norms and ways should be same for all and it is then society can change for good. Social change is a constant process, and the alteration occurs with the change in individual's way of life. Feminism theory teaches to practice equality between men and women in society. For example, in the Middle East, the women are not given much liberty. There are some strict rules for women regarding their dress code, conduct and way of life. This type of society is dominated by men and will eventually not lead to any fruitful change. Cultural change is a global phenomenon and is happening since ages (Pateman and Grosz 2013). Social change also influences the fashion of women. For example, now women wear formal wears in offices, which was once a male attire. An intermixing of fashion also occurs due to social change. Females or women form an important part of any society, and a healthy development or evolution of the society depends hugely on the progress of women. The social change primarily occurs due to several factors. Due to change in culture or intermixing of culture new, a form of cultural beliefs and thoughts are formed. Due to change in geographical location, cultural change occurs (Eisenstadt 2013). There are many who settle in an all-new location leaving their native place and gradually inherits a new social way of conduct and thinking. An amalgamation of new ideas and views occurs with a change in geographical location. Other factors like a political movement, religious processions and so on also lead to social change. Political parties publicize their principles and ethics. This creates an influence on the people in a community, and they imply the changes in their action, which in turn affects the society. For example, Barack Obama's government has some specific objectives, and it wholly influences the Americans. Obama's government motivates American people to work hard, to possess individuality, to have a peaceful environment and to keep their country first. This induces a change in society and the behaviors of individuals (Grusec and Lytton 2012). The theory of Karl Marx is also related to social change. His theory defines the society and the prevalent worldwide social change. His theory defines economic facility should be equal or all. He was against the oppression of the bourgeoisie class on the working class people (Goldstein 2012). The class conflict between the bourgeoisie and the working people in the 19th century gave way to new social change (Aubert et al. 2013). Marxist theory is the accumulation of wealth among the rich people and propels class conflicts. The theory favors the working class and motivates them to rise in rebellion against the capitalistic market system. This theory is applied in many cases of economics. The Marxist theory suggests that class-consciousness is essential for ushering in social change (Mouffe 2014). The great anarchy and chaos in London in the 19th century is an approp riate example of class struggle. In this context, Marx proposed his theory. His theory is applicable in todays time as well. Unequal distribution of wealth is still in vogue. It is only when the oppressed class is aware that change can be brought. There are many states in recent times where an imbalance in the distribution of wealth prevails. For example, the developing or underdeveloped nations of our world are impoverished and do not have enough money or asset provide their country people a standard living (Fuchs and Mosco 2015). This inequality does not help in a sustainable growth of the world. In fact, in the same society, this inequality prevails that gives birth to mutual distrust, jealousy, and conflict. For example, countries like Somalia, Mongolia, Yugoslavia and so on have a very poor standard of living. They are the least developed countries and lag far behind from the developed nations like America, London and so on. However, from all the theories discussed it is eviden t that social change is a complex process and happens gradually. Social change, therefore, is an unavoidable phenomenon and includes several factors in it. It is a constant process of development and evolution. Social change is associated with some important theories of sociology, and it has its practical implications in our day-to-day life. Social change has started from the ancient ages and is still a continuous process. It is just like a flowing river that undergoes various changes with the course of time. Class-conflict, functional structure, feminism, Marxist theory all are vital points of discussion in this prospect. The examples discussed in the essay also clearly reflect the practicality of the theories. Humans are an important factor in the social change, and they are the units of society. Society is, therefore, a reflection of a group of individuals, their culture, their ideas, their thoughts, their religious belief and so on. Social change in the contemporary world brings about a change in the fashion, food and lifestyle of people as we ll. People in various part of the world now have a global view and approach. Society is the representative of a group of people, and it is not something static. Due to various cultural influences, ethnic influences, religious influence there is a constant evolution of something new within the society. Social change is also a way of breaking the age-old tradition and ushering in new ideas and concepts. However, this essay provides in-depth knowledge and understanding of the inevitability of the cultural change and how it has become a global process. Social theories and extensive examples further establish the practicality of the change. Reference: Ghimire, K.B. and Pimbert, M.P., 2013. Social change and conservation (Vol. 16). Routledge. Barnes, B., 2014.Interests and the Growth of Knowledge (RLE Social Theory). Routledge. Stroebe, W., Kruglanski, A.W., Bar-Tal, D. and Hewstone, M. eds., 2012.The social psychology of intergroup conflict: Theory, research and applications. Springer Science Business Media. Lenski, G.E., 2013.Power and privilege: A theory of social stratification. UNC Press Books. Stanley, L. ed., 2013.Feminist praxis (RLE feminist theory): Research, theory and epistemology in feminist sociology. Routledge. Pateman, C. and Grosz, E., 2013.Feminist challenges: Social and political theory. Routledge. Eisenstadt, S.N., 2013. Social change and development.Readings in social evolution and development, pp.3-33. Grusec, J.E. and Lytton, H., 2012.Social development: History, theory, and research. Sp Goldstein, P., 2012.Post-Marxist theory: an introduction. SUNY Press Mouffe, C., 2014.Gramsci and Marxist Theory (RLE: Gramsci). Routledge Fuchs, C. and Mosco, V., 2015. Introduction: Marx is BackThe Importance of Marxist Theory and Research for Critical Communication Studies Today. InMarx and the Political Economy of the Media(pp. 1-22). Brill. Aubert, B., Barate, R., Boutigny, D., Couderc, F., Del Amo Sanchez, P., Gaillard, J.M., Hicheur, A., Karyotakis, Y., Lees, J.P., Poireau, V. and Prudent, X., 2013. The BABAR detector: Upgrades, operation and performance.Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment,729, pp.615-701. Adger, W.N., Barnett, J., Brown, K., Marshall, N. and O'Brien, K., 2013. Cultural dimensions of climate change impacts and adaptation.Nature Climate Change,3(2), pp.112-117. Curran, S.R. and Saguy, A.C., 2013. Migration and cultural change: a role for gender and social networks?.Journal of International Women's Studies,2(3), pp.54-77 Fernndez, R., 2013. Cultural change as learning: The evolution of female labor force participation over a century.The American Economic Review,103(1), pp.472-500. Zhu, D.H. and Westphal, J., 2015, January. A Structural Theory of Power, Strategy, and Performance. In Academy of Management Proceedings (Vol. 2015, No. 1, p. 18452). Academy of Management.

The Gift Of Acabar Essay Example For Students

The Gift Of Acabar Essay Reaching for the SkiesIn a world where only money matters, Og Mandino and Buddy Kayes The Gift Acabar presents a wealthy insight on what kind of stuff life should be made. In a simple story of a boys struggle to keep his dreams from being destroyed by lifes adversity, the authors provide the Credenda that sums up lifes significance. The use of supernatural element, in the form of a miracle, brought a change in the characters personality. It somehow provides a deeper meaning of the events that took place in his life. In such a young age, the Lapp boy Tulo is faced with great responsibilities. He already lost his parents, who were very close to him. The situation became more challenging when a terrible storm came and he was the one providing a living for his younger sister, Joana. Moreover, the sun leaving Kalvala for over two months ever year makes daily economic living difficult. So goes Tulos struggle with life. With the star of right beside him to give him hope and guidance, he was able to face the obstacles in his life and touch the lives of the people in their small village. We will write a custom essay on The Gift Of Acabar specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The setting contributes to the purpose of the story to provide a challenge which would improve a mans character and make him a stronger individual. Tulo underwent the process, got hurt, felt bad, and eventually recovered. The harsh environment also makes an atmosphere where one could feel the misery and unhappiness that affects the story. The coming of the Star Acabar and Star of Lirra literally and symbolically gave light to the people. As an inspirational work, The Gift of Acabar teaches the readers that to struggle is the only certain way for anyone to achieve his full potential and that adversity is not a curse, it is a blessing. It s a good book that will tell the readers that theres always light in darkness. But it would have been better if the writers thought of another way in fixing the conflict. Miracles as performed in the Bible serve to make the people believe in God, not to solve lifes difficulties. Inspirational stories make a stronger impact when the people could actually relate to it. Bibliography:

The College Goals Essay Sample You Are About to Read

The College Goals Essay Sample You Are About to ReadThe college goals essay sample you are about to read is called 'Get Into College' and the one that you're going to look at is the same one I'm going to give you some more information on as well. This is an essay that has been written by a student who just went through college. You'll be able to find that these two papers are fairly similar in many ways, but they do have some differences when it comes to grammar and style.This is a question that will require a few examples of this type of essay. You'll notice that the first paragraph of the essay has the introduction and a few of the examples that have been used in the description. The second paragraph has an example sentence of the essay. The third paragraph will show how the examples have been used, along with the rest of the essay.The next paragraph will provide you with the analysis for the sentences that have been found throughout the entire essay. This paragraph will show that the writing is very professional in the sense that the writer uses the correct grammar, along with being very organized in his or her sentences.In the last paragraph of the essay, the writer will tell you why the student chose to use a college goals essay sample instead of the rest of the material for the college essay. The writer explains that there are a lot of other forms of writing that the student could use to help with getting into college. The writer also mentions that it is very easy to go on about anything else that you want, but as long as you have something to talk about then you can't go wrong.The college goals essay sample you're going to read is one that was written by a student, and he describes the goals of the person who submitted it. The college goals essay sample actually tells the reader exactly what the student hopes to accomplish while in college.The writer of the essay also tells you what the goals of the individual were and what the goals were that the writer had when he was in college. Finally, the writer tells you why the student thought that writing this particular type of essay would help him reach his goals. The college goals essay sample also makes sure that the student understands how important his goal to get into college really is.There are several things to look for in the college goals essay sample. You'll be able to find some great advice for writing your own college essay sample.

Communal Harmony Essays

Communal Harmony Essays Communal Harmony Essay Communal Harmony Essay Mankind demands the realization of diverse values to ensure their individual and collective well being. It is also observed that certain communal forces in the society engage in exploitation, oppression, persecution, and other forms of deprivation resulting in disturbing communal harmony. Based on these observations are the beginnings of what today are called human rights and the legal processes, national and international, associated with them. The principle of human rights has widespread acceptance domestically and internationally, however, there is no complete agreement on the nature of such rights or their substantive scope. Despite this lack of consensus, certain fundamental aspects are widely accepted. Regardless of their ultimate origin or justification, human rights are understood to represent individual and group demands for the shaping and sharing of power, wealth, spiritual pursuit, and other cherished values in community process. Most fundamental are the value of respect and its constituent elements of reciprocal tolerance and mutual forbearance in the pursuit of all other values. Consequently, they imply claims against persons and institutions that impede realization, and standards for judging the legitimacy of laws and traditions. The Charter of the United Nations (1945) begins by reaffirming a faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person, in the equal rights of men and women and of nations large and small. It states that the purposes of the United Nations are, among other things, to develop friendly relations among nations based on respect for the principle of equal rights and self determination of peoples . . . [and] to achieve international co-operation . . . in promoting and encouraging respect for human rights and for fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion . . . . And, in two key articles, all members pledge themselves to take joint and separate action in cooperation with the Organization for the achievement of these and related purposes. In our society, it is the responsibility of every individual to preserve harmony and protect individual rights. Recently Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu was rocked by bomb blasts on February 14th 1998, and since then the police in various parts of the state have discovered a huge quantity of explosives. These terrorist actions were blamed the police on Al-Umma, a Muslim fundamentalist organisation that has its base in Kottaimedu, a predominantly Muslim area in Coimbatore. Many looked with suspicion on their Muslim neighbors and men and women who had lived earlier in love and harmony now considered their neighbors as their enemies.

Attracting Students to NOVA Southeastern University - Smart Custom Writing Samples

Attracting Students to NOVA Southeastern University - Smart Custom Writing Human Resource Management 2The successful activity of any organization directly depends on the ability to control and manage the talents of the staff that can be helpful some innovative ideas, perspectives and consideration for the improvement of the working process. The problems and challenges that can appear in the working environment may be turned into strategic assets of the organization and used for he company’s prosperity.   Due to different talents and different cultural backgrounds, diverse genders, ages and completely different lifestyles, the company can have more business opportunities, work more quickly and creatively and achieve the desirable goals as quickly as possible. If the environment of the organization does not maintain diversity broadly, there is a high risk to lose talent to competitors. Mathis and Jackson (2010, p.34) assert that many companies are afraid of this very situation. Human resources department is one of the main departments in any structure or organization. The HR is responsible for such tasks as hiring (recruitment), compensation, evaluation and management, promotions, managing relations, planning and payroll. The objective of human resources department is to maximize the coming investment from the organization's human capital and, on the same time, reduce the financial risk to the minimal limits. According to the vital role that human resources department play, there are some challenges such as managing knowledge workers, managing technological challenges, competence of HR managers, competence of HR managers and managing change. Obviously, it is not a complete list or duties and responsibilities of the human research department and managers. One of the main aims of HR department is to organize the work of the staff properly and guarantee excellent and due performance of the work. In this case, one of the most widely spread management tools is the performance appraisal. The question of the using of this management technique is rather controversial as it has both, positive and negative effects on the personnel. The appraisal of genuine performance is a process that is able to alleviate a lot of dysfunctions of conventional systems of the performance appraisal as well as produce a more humane and moral human resource management process of making decisions. Performance of the appraisal critics demonstrates a great number of convincing arguments against its use. Armstrong and Mitchell (2008, p.56) state that there are many cases when this system resulted in different problems.   The major critiques are that person performance appraisal supposes a false level of measurement correctness, produces conflict and competition of   dysfunctional employee, allocates an excessive amount of liability for bad performance to employees while undervaluing the general working process, underemphasizes the significance of work group. One more problem that may arise from the usage of critics of performance appraisal is a conflict between appraised and appraiser. In this case, everything depends upon the personality of both. Obviously, the appraiser should keep in mind some personal features of the employee and take into account the probable behavior of the person. In this case the psychological skills of the manager play very important role, as apprais al should be presented in a correct manner whatever it may be, positive or negative.   Very often, the incorrect manner of presenting the appraisal can lead to the dysfunction of the employee performance and worse results of work. The appraisal should be presented in such a manner to evoke the employee desire to improve the way of work. The staff should feel its necessity whatever appraisal might be in order not to lose the desire to work more efficiently. Very often, many managers carry out the performance appraisals rather poorly. As a result, they face up not only the unpleasant meetings, but also those where the manager and the representatives of the staff never quite comprehend each other, never quite value the other's viewpoint, and never quite settle the suitable goals that are necessary to achieve within the year. Unfortunately, it is practically inevitable the member of the staff will be less happy and less productive after conversation. It proves once again that the crit ical appraisal of the work should be done properly and very carefully in order to avoid misunderstanding and decrease of the productiveness. While making the appraisal of the work of the staff, managers make one common mistake that can lead to frustration, misunderstanding and biased attitude in the team. While making the appraisal it is important to remember that it should be performed along with the employee, as only free eye-to-eye conversation can lead to the positive results. Otherwise, the employee can have the biased attitude form his or her colleagues and lose the desire to work productively. This is a kind of result that should be avoided in any case. In the book by Pynes (2009, p.67) there is a statement that critical appraisal of the performance has its positive effects and intentions. For instance, it can help in developing leadership skills by means of encouraging staff to work more effectively. Developing leadership is also very important, although it seems it is given less attention and development as it should be at all levels of the organization. Despite the fact that leadership is discussed on origin of personality and certain behaviors at an organizational level, which is more based on knowledge, the challenge is to improve employees who have performance based on their past records and knowledge into business leaders by imparting them with the necessary â€Å"software skills†. In any case, any kind of appraisal, positive or negative, can have good and bad results. Everything depends upon the manner of presenting it to the employee. Therefore, critical appraisal is not so scare and bad as it may seem although it ma y lead to positive changes within the tem and improve the performance of work. Reference List Armstrong, S. and Mitchell, B. (2008) The Essential HR Handbook: A Quick and Handy Resource for Any Manager or HR Professional , Sydney: Career Press.Mathis, R.L and Jackson J. (2010) Human Resource Management, Boston: South-Western College PubPynes, J. (2009) Human Resources Management for Public and Nonprofit Organizations: A Strategic Approach (Essential Texts for Nonprofit and Public Leadership and Management, New York: Jossey-Bass

Dance Class Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Dance Class - Article Example I remember that in the last letter that I sent to you, I had explained to you why you should not fear or hesitate to take a course in dancing. This time round, I want to share with you my concrete experiences in this course, so that you can be can be convinced that this course is indeed quite important. First of all, let me share with you the expectations that I had before taken this course, and how I have been able to realize my expectations after taking the course. One of the major expectations that I had before taken this course was that the course would enable me to know the history of dance and the important people who have had great influence in the history of dance. Through this course, I have really been able to realize this expectation. This is because we have studied extensively about the history of dance and the important personalities like Gus Giordano, Jack Cole, and Agnes DeMille, who have had the great impact in the world of dance, especially dance in the Jazz music. For this reason, therefore, I am now conversant with the history of dance. The second major expectation that I had when I started this course was that the course would enable me to know different dancing styles, both modern traditional styles. Through the training that we undergo in this course, I have be en able to realize this expectation. Although of course, I don’t claim to have become an expert in dancing overnight, I have learned different dancing styles in this course and I am able to dance to different types of music like Jazz songs.

The Life and Times of Pat Brown Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Life and Times of Pat Brown - Essay Example And it all began because of one man's unselfish and noble direction to produce the best results for California disregarding the growing population and his own political career. Edmund Gerald Brown had an early prediction of having a business and political career set before his eyes. He was the grandson of Augustus Schuckman and Joseph Brown, the father of his father, Edmund Joseph Brown who were one of the early successful business men who came to California in the 1800s (Rarick, "California Rising" 8-14). Resembling the same courage and desire as his ancestors', Edmund Brown abandoned his old life, hunted for a brighter future in the West, and considered California as his homeland. Edmund learned how to become a young entrepreneur from his father. Edmund and his brother learned the world of commerce by selling newspapers and snapped cheap pictures in the streets. During the World War I, Edmund encouraged people to buy liberty bonds by giving four-minute speeches in school. During this time, he acquired the name Patrick Henry Brown that has shortened to "Pat" because at the end of his speech, he would shout: "Give me liberty or give me death!" In high scho ol, he had used his organizing skills by being a leader of the groups he joined into. When he graduated in 1923, he worked for his father as a cashier for awhile before he decided to pursue law in San Francisco Law School. Because public speaking was a gift for him, he was given the roles of the yell leader and debating club president. While he was studying at law school, he was offered a job as a personal assistant by a blind lawyer named Milton Schmitt. He graduated law, top-notching his class. And upon Schmitt's death, he took over the practice. Pat Brown's political career started when he altered from being a republican to a democrat. He believed that prioritizing the nation's woes are necessary (Rarick, "California Rising" 25-26). "For the first time in his life, he was a democrat, the political label that would define his career. In the long years that follow, he never thought of going back." He stated that, "changing parties was akin to finding a new religion" which meant that he wanted to become a democrat for the rest of his life and "wanted to do things for people and felt that the government had a part in it, felt that the government should aid and assist." Brown took on campaign chores for the democrats' candidate for governor, Culbert Olson. He headed his fund-raising committee and speaker's bureau for all of North California and he won. But Brown did not land a job with Olson and though disappointed, he built his own course instead in hometown politics. In 1939, he had run for incumbent district attorney in San F rancisco as a democrat still though he had no experience in criminal issues. Even though he lost, he considered it as "an opening wedge." In 1943, he pushed his luck again and won, serving for seven years. He became the Attorney General of California after that for eight whole years. In 1958, he was the democratic nominee for Governor of California. Pat Brown became the "activist governor" of California in 1959 when he defeated William F. Knowland. His first term was regarded to be full of vigour and accomplishment (Rarick, "California Rising" 3). He funded the development of public colleges and universities, built vast system of dams and

Cocaine Drug Abuse

Cocaine Drug Abuse Cocaine through the ages: from elixir to poison. Cocaine through ages: from elixir to poison. Abstract: Cocaine, a plant alkaloid derived from coca leaves is a potent stimulant of CNS and has local anesthetic action as well. Historically, it was ingested in the form of chewing coca leaves, to suppress hunger and fatigue. With discovery of its local anesthetic properties, cocaine was introduced into world of medicine and a local anesthetic, but over last few decades, gained popularity as drug of abuse. Cocaine carries with it great potential for addiction and abuse. It is administered through various routes, smoking free-base crack and intranasal inhalation being most popular. Its primarily metabolized in liver and distributed to all body tissues. Due to lipid nature it tends to concentrate in brain and adipose tissues with chronic administration. Its mainly eliminated through kidneys, but saliva and stools are also routes of excretion. A number of health hazards have been shown to be associated with cocaine use including, cardiac abnormalities, psychological disturbances, addiction pot ential and renal failure with or without rhabdomyolysis. Acute and chronic cocaine toxicities with sufficient collected data are included. Techniques for detecting cocaine in blood including enzyme linked immunoassay and POCT (Point of care screening tests) have also been discussed. An analysis of recent trends in cocaine uses have been studied and presented along with graphical illustrations of epidemiological evidence to support the data. Introduction and objective: Objective: to display how cocaine has evolved through time in its uses and available forms, from simple coca leaf chewing custom of South Americans in 2500 BC to modern forms of freebase-coke among others as one of the most commonly abused toxic drug. Methodology: Data was mainly collected from electronic resources, but text on immunology and pharmacology was also consulted. From electronic sources, I mainly used search engines using a number of keywords including ; history of cocaine, crack, pharmacokinetics of cocaine, mode of action , coca leaf, acute cocaine poisoning, chronic cocaine toxicity, Karl Koller, Sigmund Freud, Immunoassay, etc. I also went through a number of journals available online, and a number of researches conducted which related to cocaine. My aim was to find changes in cocaine use from its discovery to date, and show, with help of collected data, that it has moved in a negative direction. Brief history: Cocaine, use of which, according to some sources, date back to at least 1200 years, has now, rightfully, earned itself a place in drugs of abuse list among others like Caffeine, Nicotine, Amphetamine, etc. To date, cocaines uses have evolved from gaining popularity as topical anesthetic agent, and as component of energizing drinks to becoming one of the most abused drugs in the world. It is a powerfully addictive stimulant drug, which acts by interfering with cerebral and peripheral synaptic transmission among neurons. Mode of action has been described in greater detail later in pharmacodynamics section, but for brief introduction, it interferes with reuptake of, and thereby enhance duration of action of, monoamines, dopamine, serotonin and nor epinephrine Brain PF et.al (1989). It also produces membrane stabilizing effect, more commonly referred to as local anesthetic effect. Latter is achieved through modulation of voltage gated sodium channels and consequent blockade of sensory im pulses conduction from that part of the neuron to central nervous system. Brain PF et.al (1989) Earliest records of cocaine use reveal it to be a part of South American custom of chewing coca leaves. This use is believed to date back to 2500BC. Steven Cohen (1981) Practice of chewing mixture of tobacco and coca leaves was defined by Nicolà ¡s Monardes, in 1569, to induce â€Å"great contentment†. Cocaine is the active component of coca leaves, which also contains nicotine. Karch SB (1998). In 1859, Italian doctor, Paulo Montegazza, after witnessing coca use by natives of Peru, and getting mesmerized by it, decided to study the effects of cocaine on himself. After his studies he concluded his findings into a paper in which he declared cocaine to be medically useful in treating furred tongue in the morning, flatulence and whitening the teeth. Steven R. King (1992). In 1863, French chemist, Angelo Mariani, introduced popular cocavine, Vin Mariani. Vin Mariani wasproduced from mixture of 6 mg coca leaves per fluid ounce of Bordeaux wine. Courtwright DT (2001) Angelo Mariani, creator of Vin Mariani, which later became the hallmark of cocavines was honored with Vatican gold medal by Pope Leo XIII for this achievement. Ethanol, a component of vin mariani, is believed to extract cocaine from coca leaves. In 1884, the concept of cocavine was adopted by John S. Pemberton, with introduction of Pembertons French Wine Coca. After prohibitions imposed on cocaine use and manufacture of cocaine-containing products including cocavine in 1885, Pemberton introduced carbonated, non-alcoholic form of Vin Mariani and called it Coca-cola. Richard Ashley (1975). From 1906 onwards, however, after Pure Food and Drug act was passed, decocainised forms of coca were used for manufacture of coca-cola. In 1884, Austrian physician Sigmund Freud, recommended cocaine for treatment of morphine and alcohol addiction. A strategy that was later employed in 1879 when cocaine was used to treat morphine addiction. Steven Cohen (1981). In 1985, use of cocaine for induction of spinal anesthesia was accidentally discovered by American neurologist Leonard Corning while he studying the effects of cocaine on spinal nerves in a dog and accidentally pierced the dura matter. Corning JL (1885) Cocaine was, however, not used as anesthetic in spinal surgery until 1989 when first planned cocaine induced spinal anesthesia was administered in a surgery, by August Bier. A. Bier, (1899) Coca leaves have traditionally been used as suppressants for fatigue, thirst, and hunger. Its use has now been limited to Andean countries, where coca leaf chewing and coca tea consumption are still practiced. Industrially, coca leaves serve as source of drug cocaine, and in some cosmetic and food industries, including coca cola. Richard Ashley (1975) From 1980s to date, cocaine has gained popularity as drug of abuse, and has widely replaced heroin and other narcotics as drug of abuse, being used in different forms and administered via various routes. Richard Ashley (1975) Discovery: Discovery of cocaine, as local anesthetic, is claim to fame for Austrian ophthalmologist, Karl Koller. Kollers name is credited with demonstration of anesthetic effect of cocaine, in 1884. Karl Koller was a close associate of Sigmund Freud who in same year recommended cocaine to be employed in treatment for morphine and alcohol addiction. Hruby K (1986). Koller studied effects of cocaine on eye by applying the drug to his own eye and later pricking it with pins. He presented his findings to the Heidelberg Ophthalmological Society in same year. Hruby K (1986) After successfully experimenting on himself, Koller used cocaine as local anesthetic in eye surgeries, a use that continues to this day. Cocaine was later employed in other fields including dentistry for induction of local anesthesia, Today, however, cocaine has largely been replaced by other local anesthetic agents like lidocaine, xylocaine, bupivacaine, etc, which produce local anesthetic effect as efficiently and do not carry potential for abuse.Hruby K (1986) Isolation: Friedrich Gaedcke, aGerman chemist, was first person to successfully isolate cocaine from coca leaves, in 1855. An improved isolation process was, however, developed by Albert Niemann, a Ph.D. student at the University of Gà ¶ttingen in Germany, in 1859. Niemann wrote a dissertation describing steps of isolation titled, â€Å" ÃÅ"ber eine neue organische Base in den Cocablà ¤ttern† (On a New Organic Base in the Coca Leaves), which was published in 1969. F. Gaedcke (1855) Formal Chemical Name (IUPAC) for cocaine: (1R,5S)-methyl 8-methyl-3-(phenylcarbonyloxy)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2-carboxylate. Medicalisation and popularization: Ever since its discovery, cocaines medical uses were quickly exploited through research and experimentation. Spanish physicians described first medical uses of cocaine as early as 1596, but the use of cocaine did not become more widespread until 1859, when Albert Niemann isolated the drug from coca leaves. Soon after it was isolated, cocaine was used to try to cure almost all the illnesses and maladies that were known to man. (Albert Niemann 1860) 1859s Montagezzis discovery about cocaine being useful in treating furred tongue in the morning, flatulence and whitening the teeth, was one of the earliest recorded studies that signified possible medical importance of cocaine. In 1879, Vassili von Anrep, of the University of Wà ¼rzburg, demonstrated analgesic properties of cocaine in an experiment that he conducted on a frog. He prepared two separate jars, one containing cocaine-salt solution, other containing salt water serving as control. One of frogs legs was submerged in cocaine solution and other in control followed by stimulation of leg in different ways. Reactions in two legs varied considerably. In the same year, cocaine began to be used in treatment of morphine addiction. The commercial production of purified cocaine gained momentum only in the mid-1880s. Its greatest medical value was in ophthalmology. Eye-surgery stood in desperate need of a good local anesthetic. This was because in eye operations it is often essential for a conscious patient to move his eye as directed by the surgeon without flinching. Karl Kollers demonstration of anesthetic properties of cocaine in 1884 was an important breakthrough establishing cocaines importance, medically when it was introduced in Germany as local anesthetic for eye surgery. (Altman Aj et.al 1985) Kollers discovery was later followed in 1985 by Leonard Cornings accidental demonstration of cocaines use in induction of spinal anesthesia, which became formally employed in spinal surgery in 1989 when first planned cocaine induced spinal anesthesia was administered by August Bier. Medical use of cocaine has largely been restricted to induction of local anesthesia. Even as local anesthetic agent, discovery of hazardous effects of cocaine use led to early development of safer alternative drugs like lidocaine, etc. One of its first non medical uses of cocaine was in military. In 1883 Theodor Aschenbrandt administered cocaine to members of the Bavarian army. It was found that the drug enhanced their endurance on maneuver. His positive findings were published in a German medical journal, which brought the effects of this wonder drug to a wider medical audience, including Sigmund Freud. Cocaine was sold as over the counter drug until 1916. It was widely used in tonics, toothache cures, patent medicines, and chocolate cocaine tablets. Prospective buyers were advised (in the words of pharmaceutical firm Parke-Davis) that cocaine could make the coward brave, the silent eloquent, and render the sufferer insensitive to pain. Cocaine was a popular ingredient in wines, notably Vin Mariani. Coca wine received endorsement from prime-ministers, royalty and even the Pope. The Vatican gold medal that Angelo Mariani received for it will forever signify the popularity of cocaine through that period of time. By the late Victorian, era use of cocaine had appeared as a vice in literature, for instance, Arthur Conan Doyles fictional Sherlock Holmes. . Number of admissions to drug treated programme in each year is plotted against time for both cocaine and heroin. Graph clearly displays the shift in trend from use of heroin towards cocaine. A combination gaining popularity is speedball, which is formulated by mixing heroin with cocaine. From 1980s to date, cocaine has gained popularity as drug of abuse, being used in different forms and administered via various routes, as evident by figure above which displays the escalation in crack / cocaine usage with concomitant reduction in heroin use. Prohibition: In first part of the twentieth century, with addictive properties of cocaine becoming more apparent with studies, cocaine found itself legally prohibited. Harrison Narcotics Tax Act (1914) outlawed unauthorized sales and distribution of cocaine incorrectly classifying it as a narcotic. In United Nations 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, cocaine was listed as Schedule I drug, thereby making its manufacture, distribution, import, export, trade, use and possession illegal unless sanctioned by the state. In 1970s controlled substances act, cocaine was listed as a Schedule II drug in United States. It carries high abuse potential but also serves medicinal purpose. It is a class A drug in the United Kingdom, and a List 1 drug of Opium law in the Netherlands. Modern Usage: In late 90s and early 2000s, crack became very popular among Americans and in past few years has also taken its toll on UK. According to an estimate, U.S cocaine market exceeded $ 70 billion in year 2005, demonstrating the popularity of this menace. News reports are flooded with celebrity arrests on charge of cocaine posession or use. A section on recent facts and figures related to cocaine discusses the modern trends in greater detail later. Addiction potential: Along with amphetamine, cocaine is one of the most widely abused drugs in the world. Powerful stimulant properties of cocaine are beyond doubt. By inhibiting neuronal reuptake of excitatory neurotransmitters, dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine, cocaine enhances synaptic concentrations of these neurotransmitters in specific brain areas; nucleus accumbens and amygdala which are referred to as the reward center of brain. During 1980s, cocaine widely replaced heroin as drug of abuse, due to its euphoric properties, wide availability and low cost. Different forms and Routes of administration of cocaine: Smoking: Crack, freebase or smokable form of cocaine, was produced and became popular drug of abuse in 1980s. Earliest reports of crack use indicate an epidemic in Bahamas from 1980. By 1985, crack gained popular ranking among drug users across America.Crack is produced by mixing 2 parts cocaine hydrochloride with one part baking soda (sodium bicarbonate). It differs from cocaine hydrochloride in being more volatile, a property that makes it better suited for inhalation administration (smoking) than cocaine hydrochloride. Smoking freebase cocaine releases methylecgonidine, an effect not achieved with insufflation or injection (described later), thereby making it a specific test marker for freebase cocaine smokers. Studies suggest that methylecgonidine is more harmful to heart, liver and lungs than other byproducts of cocaine. Inhalation leads to rapid absorption of cocaine into bloodstream via lungs, reaching brain within five seconds of ingestion. Following rush exceeds snorting in intensity but does not last long. Oral: Ancient tradition of South Americans to chew coca leaves in same manner is tobacco, is another method of cocaine consumption. Alternatively, coca leaves may be consumed like tea by mixing with liquid. Coca leaf consumers have raised a controversy over whether it should be abandoned or not. Rationale behind this controversy is that strong acid in our stomach hydrolyzes cocaine, attenuating its effects on brain; therefore, unless it is taken with an alkaline substance, such as lime, which neutralizes stomachs acid, cocaine intake should not be criminalized. Cocaine is also used as oral anesthetic, both medically and unofficially. Cocaine powder is applied to gums to numb the gingiva and teeth. Colloquial terms for this route of administration are; numbies, gummies and cocoa puffs. Another method for oral administration, commonly known as snow bomb, is to pack cocaine in rolled up paper and swallowing it. Insufflation: Colloquial terms for which are; snorting, sniffing, or blowing is believed to be most commonly employed method of cocaine ingestion in west. Cocaine is poured on a flat, hard surface and divided into fine powder before being insufflated in â€Å"bumps†, â€Å"lines†, or â€Å"rails†. Devices used as aid in insufflation are known as â€Å"tooters†. Rolled up banknotes, hollowed-out pens, cut straws, pointed ends of keys, specialized spoons, long fingernails, and (clean) tampon applicators may all be used a tooters. Injection: This achieves the greatest bioavailability, 100%, in shortest span of time, since drug is directly administered into bloodstream saving time and reduced bioavailability that occurs with drug absorption from site of drug administration into bloodstream. Resultant rush is intense and rapid. Risk of contracting blood-borne infections is greatest. â€Å"Speedball†, a mixture of cocaine with heroin used intravenously is a popular and dangerous method of cocaine ingestion. It claims credit for many deaths, including celebrities like John Belushi, Chris Farley ,Mitch Hedberg, River Phoenix and Layne Staley. ADME Pharmacokinetics: Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Excretion of Cocaine. Before beginning discussion about pharmacokinetics or ADME of cocaine, table below summarizes the relationship of route of administration with onset of action, time taken to achieve peak effect, duration of action and half life. (Clarke, 1986) Absorption: Absorption refers to movement of drug from site of administration into bloodstream.As with any drug, absorption of cocaine depends on various factors and varies considerably with them. Factors which influence drug absorption include; drug formulation, route of administration, lipid solubility, pH of the medium, blood supply and surface area available for absorption. As evident from tabulated figures above, cocaine differs greatly in onset of action varying between 7 seconds up to 10 minutes from one route of administration to another. This is a factor of absorption of drug which depends on route of administration. Each route is separately discussed below in greater details. (Clarke, 1986). Orally administered cocaine: Cocaine induces vasoconstriction in vessels supplying oral mucosa and resultant reduction in blood supply slows down its absorption by decreasing surface area from which drug is absorbed. Therefore when orally administered, drug is slowly absorbed into bloodstream, taking roughly 30 minutes. Absorption is also incomplete; roughly one third of administered dose is absorbed. Due to slow absorption, onset of action is also delayed and peak effect is, however, not achieved until about 50-90 minutes after administration. Effect is, however, longer lasting, roughly 60 minutes after attainment of peak effect. Another factor affecting absorption of orally administered cocaine is pH of the stomach. As previously mentioned, stomach acid hydrolyzes cocaine, resulting in inadequate and incomplete absorption. To improve absorption it is common practice to take cocaine along with an alkaline liquid to neutralize acidic pH. Insufflations: Insufflations results in coating of the mucosa covering sinuses with cocaine, from where it is absorbed. Absorption is similar to that from oral cavity, cocaine induced vasoconstriction beneath mucosa results in slow and incomplete absorption (30-60%). Efficiency of absorption increases with concentration of drug. According to a study, time taken to reach peak effect via this route of administration averages 14.6 minutes. Injection: Injected cocaine is directly administered into bloodstream eliminating need for absorption. According same study, as mentioned for insufflation, time taken to reach peak effect of cocaine through injection averaged 3.1 minutes, roughly five times less than time for insufflation. Smoking: Smoking crack delivers large quantities of the drug to the lungs, resultant absorption is rapid and effects created are comparable to intravenous administration. These effects, which are felt almost immediately after smoking, are intense and last for 5-10 minutes. According to Perez-Reyes et al, 1982, volunteers who smoked 50 mg of cocaine base in a controlled study experiment achieved rapidly elevated plasma cocaine level compared to intravenous cocaine administration. Distribution: Following absorption into bloodstream, cocaine is distributed, via blood, to all body tissues including vital organs like brain, lungs, liver, heart, kidneys and adrenals. It crosses both blood-brain and placental barrier. Being lipid soluble, it easily traverses biological membranes via simple diffusion. It is believed to accumulate in brain and adipose tissue with repeated administration, owing to its lipid nature. In an experiment, distribution and kinetics of cocaine in human body were studied using Positron Emission Topography (PET) technique with radioactively labeled (carbon-11) cocaine on 14 healthy male subjects. Rate of uptake and clearance were found to vary among organs. Following results were obtained for time, in minutes, taken by radioactively labeled cocaine to reach peak value in following organs: Lungs: 45 seconds. Heart and Kidneys: 2-3 minutes. Adrenals: 7-9 minutes. Liver: 10 minutes. Liver, which is the key site for metabolism of cocaine is where distribution is most sluggish, increasing the half-life of cocaine. The Journal of Nuclear Medicine ( 1992 ) Metabolism: As already mentioned, cocaine is primarily metabolised in liver. It is estimated to get metabolized within two hours of administration. Half-life varies between 0.7 1.5 hours (Clarke, 1986), depending on route of administration among various other factors. There are three possible routes for bio-transformation of cocaine. Ester linkages in cocaine are hydrolyzed by plasma pseudocholinesterases and hepatic enzymes, human liver carboxylesterase form 1 (hCE-1)and human liver carboxylesterase form 2 (hCE-2). Benzoyl group is eliminated to produce ecgonine methyl ester. This is the major route for metabolism of cocaine. A secondary route, suggested by Fleming et al. 1990, proposes spontaneous hydrolysis, possibly non-enzymatic, followed by demethylation to produce benzoylecgonine. N-demethylation of cocaine is a minor route which leads to formation of norcocaine. Final degradation of metabolites yields ecgonine. Principal inactive metabolites are; benzoylecgonine, ecgonine methyl ester, and ecgonine itself. Norcocaine is an active metabolite and may reveal itself in acute intoxication. Metabolism of cocaine may be influenced by a number of factors: Alcohol:When cocaine is co-administered with alcohol a compound called Cocaethylene is formed. Cocaethylene is associated with an increased risk of liver damage and premature death. Pregnancy. Liver disease. Aged men. Congenital cholinesterase deficiency. In all the aforementioned conditions, except alcohol, rate of cocaine metabolism is reduced, leading to elevated levels and duration of action of cocaine, enhancing its harmful effects of on the body. Following is a schematic representation of metabolic pathways of cocaine. According to Andrew (1997) have found that the continuous use of alcohol with cocaine produce cocaethylene which is similar in the action of cocaine but it has more blood stream concentration by three to five times than cocaine as a result of its high half life. Its much attractive to be used for abuse as a result of slower removal from the body. Different types of side effects are associated with cocaethylene like liver damage, seizure and immuno compromised functioning . Cocaethylene has more possibility for sudden death by 18 25 times than using cocaine alone . Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) has been implicated as being important in metabolism of cocaine, even though it has limited capacity to fully hydrolyze cocaine. BChE is specially essential for cocaine detoxification. A lot of research has been done to study the effect of employing this enzyme in cocaine detoxification and in anti-cocaine medications. Cocaine are hydrolyzed by human BChE in a slow rate , however, in university of Nebraska medical center the scientist at molecular biology and biochemistry have developed a mutant (A328Y) of human butyrylcholinesterase, which promises four fold greater efficiency in accelerating cocaine metabolism. Elimination or excretion: 1-9% of cocaine is excreted unaltered in urine along with metabolites, ecgonine methyl ester, benzoylecgonine, and ecgonine. Unchanged cocaine may also be eliminated through GI tract and/or be excreted in saliva. Most of the parent drug is eliminated from plasma within 4 hours after administration but metabolites may remain detectable for up to 144 hours after administration. Elimination of cocaine via kidneys is enhanced by acidification of urine. As already mentioned, cocaine easily traverses placental barrier, and the active metabolite, norcocaine is believed to persist in amniotic fluid for up to 5 days. In lactating mothers, cocaine metabolite can be found and presets for longer time up to 36 hours after the first administration and it will be found after they excreted into maternal milk. On the other hand, it will be eliminated very fast through exhalation or vapor when it is administrated through smokes. Ambre J et.al (1988) In an experiment, the investigations of chronic cocaine oral administration effects in those healthy volunteers having a history of cocaine abuse were continued. There were sixteen daily sessions of oral cocaine administration while subjects were kept in a controlled clinical ward. In every session subjects received five equal doses of oral cocaine at one hour interval. Throughout session, the doses of cocaine were administrated by an elevating rate starting from 100 mg as an initial dose (500 mg/ day) reaching to 400 mg (2 g/day) by a rate of increase of 25 mg/ dose/ session (125 mg / session). Urine specimens were collected throughout the study while at the end of the study specimens like saliva and plasma were periodically collected during the one week withdrawal phase and during the dosing session. The analysis of cocaine and cocaine metabolite were carried out by solid phase extraction and followed by gas chromatographic mass spectrometric analysis in the SIM mode. ARE is defin ed as a method or plots used to calculate the Half-lives of urinary elimination for cocaine and cocaine metabolites which stand for ( the amount remaining to be excreted ) plots. The urinary elimination for cocaine and cocaines metabolites in the Result obtained yielded two phases. An initial elimination phase during withdrawal which was has the same elimination pattern observed after acute dosing, and a terminal phase. Results were as follows: Initial phase: Mean plasma cocaine elimination half-life: 1.5  ± 0.1 h. Mean salivary cocaine elimination half-life: 1.2  ± 0.2 h. Mean urinary cocaine elimination half-life: 4.1  ± 0.9 h. Terminal phase: Mean urinary cocaine elimination half-life: 19  ± 4.2 h. A terminal elimination phase was also observed for cocaine metabolites with half-life estimates ranging from 14.6 to 52.4 h, which greatly exceeded previous estimates from studies of acute cocaine administration. This experiment shows that with chronic use, cocaine accumulates in the body with resultant prolonged terminal elimination phase for itself and its metabolites. Like any pharmacokinetic feature of a drug, elimination may also be influenced by various factors. Since renal elimination is major route for cocaine excretion, state of renal function is essential determinant of efficiency of elimination. Patients with poor renal function are much more likely to develop toxicity than those with properly functioning kidneys. Also, as already mentioned, acidification of urine accelerates the elimination of cocaine from the body. Drummer O.H et.al ( 2001) Pharmacodynamics of cocaine: Mechanism of action. Cocaine mediates its actions through two basic mechanisms: Inhibition of re-uptake of monoamines; dopamine, nor adrenalin, and serotonin. Blockade of sodium channels. As previously stated, a major breakthrough in field of surgery was discovery of cocaine and establishment of its use as a local anesthetic. All local anesthetics achieve their effect by same mechanism, known as membrane stabilizing effect. They achieve this by blocking the voltage gated sodium channels in neuronal membranes. Figure 1.0 shows the action of cocaine on sodium channels. Nerves carry impulses in the form of action potentials. Conduction of action potential involve a wave of depolarization, followed by repolarization, to travel along the nerve fiber. Depolarization, movement of membrane potential away from resting potential, is achieved through opening of voltage gated sodium channels and consequent influx of sodium. Local anesthetics reversibly reduce the rate of depolarization and repolarization by blocking these voltage gated sodium channels and eventually, impulse conduction is completely obliterated. Since local anesthetics prevent depolarization of membranes, membrane potential stays near resting levels; this is why it is called membrane stabilizing effect. Local anesthetic drugs make the onset of neuronal blockade faster especially in rapidly firing neurons when they target open sodium channels which is known as state dependent blockade. Local anesthetic action of cocaine is pH dependant. Potency and rate of action tends to decrease with the pH. Inhibition of re-uptake of monoamines; dopamine, nor adrenalin, and serotonin. Image above, taken from web, clearly demonstrates the action of cocaine (shown as yellow block in the figure) on dopamine re-uptake. Figure on the left shows normal process of synaptic transmission from a dopaminergic nerve terminal. Dopamine is secreted by the nerve terminal into synaptic cleft and subsequently binds to its receptor on post synaptic membrane. This is followed by its re-uptake via dopamine re-uptake transporter on neuronal membrane back into nerve terminal where it is degraded by MAO (Monoamine oxidase) into monoamines. Figure on right shows similar synapse, in presence of cocaine. Cocaine binds to dopamine re-upta