Gender Roles In Lysistrata By Aristophanes - 1863 Words

Aristophanes paved the way for comedy and how it would be viewed by citizens in ancient Greece. By incorporating satire and comedy, Aristophanes portrayed the social and political climate of the time. More specifically, Lysistrata, a play by Aristophanes, gives insight into the role women have in the Athenian society. The theme of gender roles in the play, Lysistrata, has evolved to parallel the social norm of feminism by women today. Lysistrata is a satirical comedy and portrays the women are at odds with man regarding several different matters, most notably the waging war on itself. The role Aristophanes embellishes within the characters are reversed between man and woman. The women, who were largely subservient to the needs and whims of†¦show more content†¦However, we cannot know for certain if women attended the religious festivals because there was no way of recording who was in attendance. Though, women were treated very differently from men, Aristophanes promotes the fact that women are capable of the same things as a man in the play Lysistrata. In nearly every conflict between man and woman portrayed in Lysistrata, the women emerge victorious. This is especially significant since women can assert themselves and impose their will on man. Traditionally, men are the ones who possess this behavior and force women to be at their ever will. Yet, there are many instances in this play when these roles are opposite occurring, which is further evidence that Aristophanes has switched the characteristics of the genders. One instance from the text is when the men and women choruses are speaking to each other at the Acropolis. â€Å"All you fellow citizens, we’ll start to give the city good advice and rightly, since it raised us splendidly†¦ I was born a woman, but don’t hold that against me if I introduce a plan to make our present situation better. For I make contributions to the state—I give birth to men. You miserable old farts, you contribute nothing! (Aristophanes 42-43). Furthermore, this quote portrays the control taken by the women when they take the Acropolis and fend of the chorus of oldShow MoreRelatedThe Gender Roles Of Men And Women1243 Words   |  5 PagesThe gender roles of men and women were quite different in pre-20th-century drama. In his play Lysistrata, Aristophanes creates a world to bring about his thoughts on the Peloponnesian war with the comedic relief of gender role reversal. The women in his play are not necessarily the way women of his time were, but more of what men thought they were as well as what men feared or fantasized women could be like. Through action and dialogue, the play shows examples of several different types of womenRead MoreLysistrat An Anti War Comedy1363 Words   |  6 PagesPeloponnesian War, Lysistrata was first performed in Athens in 411 BCE. Written by Aristophanes, this anti-war comedy tells the tale of one woman s strategic undertaking to make peace. Lysistrata, translated as â€Å"releaser of war† or â€Å"army disbander,â €  harnesses the power of the Greek women by persuading them to withhold sexual privileges from their husbands and lovers as a means of driving the men toward peaceful negotiation. This text not only serves as insight into the roles and relationships betweenRead More Sex as a Means of Agency Essay1213 Words   |  5 Pagesthan any beast, than fire, and no panther is quite so ferocious.† (Aristophanes 1058) Life for an Athenian woman was marked by her daily occupation to the household and its occupants. This was the sphere of life where she was able to exert the most power and maintain a certain degree of agency. Her domestic duties included attendance to her husband, and his sexual needs. In the comic portrayal of women in Lysistrata, Aristophanes exploits this domestic power to create a scenario where â€Å"the harshRead MoreLysistrata, By Euripides And Lysistrata Essay1478 Words   |  6 PagesLysistrata was written in ancient Greece, a time where women’s position in society was no greater than a servant. In Lysistrata, Aristophanes depicts Greek women challenging male authority through their own femininity in a comic and light hearted way. Wether or not Aristophanes was trying to challenge male authority or was simply making a joke out of women is unclear, but it is easy to note what ancient Greeks thought of women simply by how they depicted in Lysistrata. Throughout the play the womenRead MoreGender Roles in Lysistrata and Medea1651 Words   |  7 Pagesprestige from doing well in battle, and speaking well at the assembly, women seemed to acquire their honor and achieve moral excellence by birthing boys who then become men who could then gain honor in battle. Both Eripides Medea and Aristophanes Lysistrata focus on the role of women in ancient Athens and the struggle for power between the sexes. While in her book The Making of the West Lynn Hunt says that Womens exclusion from politics meant that their contributions to the city-state might be overlookedRead MoreLysistrat A Political Satire Written By Aristophanes2014 Words   |  9 PagesLysistrata was a political satire written by Aristophanes in early 400 B.C.E., and was performed in Athens. The connection between Lysistrata and the society and culture surrounding it is deeply significant. Due to the immense cultural pressure in this period, it’s difficult to pinpoint a singular theme that Aristophanes was trying to make a comment on. With the Peloponnesian War continuing to lead a seemingly endless reign of chaos over Greece and its citizens, these elements of fear and despairRead MoreLysistrat The New Critical Idiom944 Words   |  4 PagesThe role of comedy in literature is to challenge preconceptions, satirize stereotypes, and hold a mirror to societal standards in a way that changes the viewpoint of the reader, or, in the case of Lysistrata by Aristophanes, the audience. From its parody of gender roles, to its frequent use of double-entendres and sexual humor, to its sardonic message directed at the culture and politics of Greece, Lysistrata is a cornerstone of modern satire. It also possesses numerous qualities analyzed in AndrewRead MoreSatire Through The Power Of Women1278 Words   |  6 PagesSatire Through the Power of Women In Lysistrata, by Aristophanes, Love’s Labour’s Lost, by William Shakespeare, and Henderson, the Rain King, by Saul Bellow, three individual overarching themes stand out. In Lysistrata, the women of Athens manipulate their spouses and prove their intellectual strength to readers to prove futility of the Peloponnesian War. In Love’s Labour’s Lost, four beautiful and intelligent women easily manipulate a King and his Lords who, at the beginning of the novel, had chosenRead MoreEssay on Sex and Politics in Lysistrata1192 Words   |  5 PagesSex and Politics in Lysistrata Aristophanes, whom is a comedic writer, wrote Lysistrata during the Greek civil war. This unstoppable combat was between Athenians and Spartans, whom believed that the only way to prove anything was through war. The theme of Lysistrata revolves around gender, sex, and also politics. Its reasons for development were that if men were not able to fix the problems occurring, women would then take the initiative and do so. The women then came together and decided to withholdRead MoreThe s The Odyssey, Lysistrata, And Clytemnestra1530 Words   |  7 Pagesliving within the society s norms fulfilling mostly guided roles like housework. While some works of the time presented women as mere housewives, others often put them in the position of political leaders, heroines, and murderers. The women that receive major roles in the stories such as Penelope in Homer s The Odyssey, Lysistrata in Aristophanes Lysistrata, and Clytemnestra in Aeschylus Agamemnon are major characters with important r oles, thus breaking the traditions of normal culture during this

An American Family vs. Keeping Up with the Kardashians Free Essays

An American Family vs. Keeping Up with the Kardashians Although these two shows depict different time periods, they can arguably be a model for American culture or possibly a gauge in the temperature of what American culture looks like. In American Family there is a scene where one of the young men is talking about California and how he feels about it. We will write a custom essay sample on An American Family vs. Keeping Up with the Kardashians or any similar topic only for you Order Now Just the use of his language or the words in which he chooses gives the audience an idea of the language that was used during that time period. Another example of this is when the family visits the art gallery. In the television show Keeping Up With the Kardashians although they are rich, they also give a gauge of American culture through the way in which they talk as well as the activities in which they go about on a daily basis. These two shows are very different but are somewhat based upon the same premise of being a reality show. An American Family was a 12 episode series that chronicled the lives of the Loud family of Santa Barbra, California (Ruoff, 1998). While Keeping Up with the Kardashians has run for 6 seasons so far since it began in 2007. This show is presented to viewers as reality TV but as mentioned in a prior class it is more or less a sitcom and not capturing the family in a documentary style the way in which An American Family is. An American Family challenged traditional forms of documentaries and violated viewers expectations of what a documentary was supposed to be about (Ruoff, 1998). The way in which this show is shot and edited also gives is more of a narrative feel than a documentary style. I would argue that the way the it is broken into different episodes especially the time period of the 1970’s would make it seem more of a narrative as during that time there weren’t many shows to compare its different, documentary style to. The show is centered on the upcoming divorce of the mother and father and this seems to drive the story line as well. Although again it is not a sitcom, the narrative of the story seems a bit tampered with, as it is known that the parents will be divorcing very soon. Capturing the moments that lead up to the divorce can be considered to surround a narrative structure. Keeping Up with the Kardashians being based about the life of the Kardashian family with ongoing events that take place is nothing like An American Family. Although many Americans in 1973 may have been able to identify with the characters in An American Family it did not have a crazed pop culture appeal the way in which Keeping Up with the Kardashians does. This show has become somewhat of a brand but its realness or reality is questionable. Most of the happenings of the family are devised plans to collect audiences and maintain the following that they have. They typical sitcom structure of the show also gives away the reality part of the show. There is no truth or cinema verite in this show it’s all just basically pre-planned by the producers. Their extravagant lifestyles and events don’t even compare to the simplistic structure of the Loud family about to split because of the divorce. These shows are very different but on the surface seem alike because essentially the viewer is following the lives of a family. How to cite An American Family vs. Keeping Up with the Kardashians, Essay examples

Sustainability Accounting - Elements And Correlation

Question: Jonathan Davidson, the director of your firm (which offers consultancy services to medium and large accountancy practices around the world), with a reputation as someone who has expertise in innovation and latest trends requested you to draft a response to the above scenario providing this information in a report format.Make sure that your report includes any information that you think will assist the partners to make these important decisions. The partners want recommendations that they can discuss at their next Board meeting. Answer: Executive Summary The report provides a vision for sustainability accounting. It provides with brief information regarding the meaning, elements, pros and cons of implementation and the key matters that should be kept in the mind prior setting up a division providing services in the field. The purpose of the report is to come over a decision on the conflicting issue of whether or not to implement and introduce a new division by the firm which would such related services. Introduction During the study and analysis of the current position of the firm, it had been found that the most challenging tasks for implementation of the division are:Conflict of opinion between the partners of the firm: Amongst the partners, one of them is against the opinion of introducing the subject and is of the belief that the activity would just add to the cost of the firm in spite of being beneficial in terms of cash flows.Limited Knowledge: The partners are not having proper and enough knowledge of the topic and therefore are not yet in a position to provide services or enter into the market.Uncertainty: There exists a risk of failure of development of the division. The partners are not certain over the outcome of the introduction of the division. The report set forth present with the opportunities that the firm can grab and the issues that could arise.Through the overview of the present scenario of the firms internal environment and the external environment that influence the operatio ns of the firm, we come across the finding that there exist a latent market that could be explored provided the prominent inputs needed for the providing of services are developed by the firm. Discussion Meaning of Sustainability Accounting: It is a part of financial accounting which deals with the disclosures relating to non- financial data and information relating to the concerned companys performance such as environmental, social and other material issues to the stakeholders of the company, i.e. shareholders, creditors, government, financial institutions, etc. It signifies upon the activities of the organization which have a direct impact on the society. (Hannah Jones, 2010). Present elements of sustainability accounting and correlation of sustainability accounting with present work Sustainability accounting or environmental accounting is a concept that has marked its entry into the literatures nearly a decade ago. In addition to the financial accounting approaches and methods, sustainability accounting can be explained as those methods and activities which records, analyze and report on the economic value of the activities made for environmental protection, etc.basically has two elements, i.e. environmental related expenditure and savings and the impact of companys operations on the environment. Environment related expenditures and savings deals with the expenses specifically made for the purpose of environmental protection or some social benefit. A company operates in society and thereby the activities of it affect the society. Environmental accounting, unlike the traditional ways of accounting which only measures the financial aspects of the business, also quantifies these non- financial activities and the same is reported to the stakeholders of the organization. Thus, there are four areas of sustainability accounting: Internal Ecological Accounting; Environmental Management Accounting; External Ecological Accounting; and Environmental Financial Accounting At present, the firm is a large Australian accounting practice provider. The work to be done post implementation of the Sustainability Accounting Division is in positive correlation with that of the scope of workings offered by the firm. As Sustainability Accounting is more or less an extension of financial accounting, therefore the services provided by the firm at the point of time is what we can call a general practice whose scope can be advanced and enhanced through the implement of the new division. (Aras, G. Crowther, D., 2008). Ways to engage employees in the program Advantages of introducing a sustainability accounting division within the firm: Implementation and adoption of Sustainability Accounting practices is not an easy one. The top management needs to plan upon the procedures to be taken for the integration of the standards into the existing disclosures and accounting practices followed by the organization and the processes to be taken by the management for the implementation of the same. A company needs to identify the matters that are of material nature and to be covered under the sustainability accounting and reporting and to disclose the same in such a decision- based manner that it is beneficial for the stakeholders of the organization. The following step can be taken in order to properly implement the program: (Gyula Flp Bettina Bettina Hdi Herndi, 2013). The foremost task is to determine the standards applicable to the company. The standards includes the topics that needs to be disclosed, accounting metrics, and technical procedures which needs to be adapted keeping in view the industry in which the company operates. Assessment of the Business Environment: Analyze as to whether the disclosure topics mentioned in the standard comprise of material information for the company stakeholders. The term materiality depends totally upon the transactions and the influencing value of them. Materiality, in general, depends upon the fact that whether the information can affect the decisions of the investors, shareholders, lenders, supplier, etc. Evaluate the companys present position regarding the knowledge of the disclosure requirements as per the standard. According to the same, identify the difference between the actual and the required. Assemble documents of the company such as CSR report, Annual Report and other corporate communications where the company discloses the non- financial information. Analyze the quality and quantity of the current reporting status with the required. (Burritt, R. Schaltegger, S., 2010). The next step is to prepare a roadmap for the implementation of the standard and to enumerate internal control and managerial requirements. The next step is to execute and monitor the procedures. The ways to engage the employees in the program are enumerated as below: To provide information and awareness amongst the employees regarding the same By conducting training programs to develop the required environment in the organization By developing incentives and rewarding schemes in order to motivate the employees for efficiently conduction of the program By regularizing and monitoring the performance of the employees by a special team made for the purpose. To provide the employees with the examples of best practice, the organization needs to provide training to the employees of the best practices that suit the organization for the standard applicable depending upon the industry/ industries in which the organization operates. (Stefan Schaltegger Roger L. Burritt, 2010). Arguments for and against introducing a sustainability accounting division within the firm: Advantages of introducing a sustainability accounting division within the firm: It would provide a competitive edge to the firm. The implementation of the division would provide the firm a gateway for entry into the market of other firms providing the same services. The concept of sustainability accounting is an emerging concept and it can be noticed that slowly and gradually mostly all the developing companies are moving in the same track towards the implementation of sustainability accounting standards which signifies the growth and the emerging market in the field. The firm should try to take the advantage of same in order to foster its future earnings and cash flows. Through the implementation of the division, the firm can try to propose and influence its existing clients and try to grab the opportunity involved before they goes to some other service provider. The firm can build up its goodwill through initiating the providing of services in such a segment or division which is in its initial stage of growth. This would in order be beneficial for the firm to build up its brand image. Disadvantages of introducing a sustainability accounting division within the firm: Developing a division is a costly affair and hence involves outflow of funds at large scale. The firm therefore before implementing the division should analyze the future cash inflows against the cash outflows and other opportunity costs involved in the same. A partner in the firm is against the opinion for the implementation of the division. Hence, the same could create conflicts of interests in the future. Also, it could hurt psychologically the partner and therefore the same should be taken into account and further more discussions should be made on the pros and cons before emerging towards any decision.Before the implementation of the division, the firm should itself develop the understanding of the topic as according to the available information, it seems that the partners of the firm are not having full- fledged information of the topic and about how to implement the same. (Stefan Schaltegger Roger L. Burritt, 2010). Development of the division- Future Prospects Creation of such a division that provides such services would be undoubtedly in the benefit of the firms present clients. The clients would be able to seek the services from the firm in a more comfortable form as to that compared with some other in the market place.Also, the firm would be able to serve the client in a better manner than to other as it is familiar to the organizations business environment and other related issues. Also, as the firm itself the provider of financial accounting advisory and related services, it would be able to implement the standard in easier and better form.The name is the reflection of what one is and what one does. The division should be named in accordance with the services to be provided by it. One should easily identify the nature of services the firm provides keeping in mind its name. Therefore, the name of the division should be related to and should include Sustainability Accounting. The type of services that might be provided by the firm through the division: Consultancy on sustainability accounting issues Implementation of sustainability accounting Overview or Evaluation of a Companys current position Providing a guidance on the disclosure requirements under the standards on sustainability accounting Calculation and reporting of the required disclosures to be disclosed to the stakeholder Skills requirement in the staff to be employed in the division: Must have thorough knowledge of the standards and the subject involved Must be efficient and effective Must be highly aware and up to date in accordance with the notifications and news in this regards The candidate should be of adaptive nature and must understand the business environment of the client It has been found through the study on the emerging need of the topic that there definitely exists a market for such services. The firm needs to develop a competitive edge in its workings so that it could present itself in the market. To market it, the firm should: Present its proposals to the existing clients. In service sector, mouth publicity is the best, therefore, the firm should try to ensure that it comes out with providing best services so that other companies and organizations get encouraged to take services from them. The firm can prepare a sort of documentation like report or presentation on the basic information regarding the subject matter and the need to go for it in the emerging global market and try to introduce in it their firm as professional consultants and the brief on the services to be provided. The same could be used to attract prospective client and grab new clients. (Cooper, S., Owen, D. 2007). Introduction within Accounting Practice It can be observed that the Sustainability Accounting is an extension of the financial accounting, but one should also understand that the same is a new concept which is not presently acceptable to all the organizations. Furthermore, the increasing scope of the need and trend of disclosing the related issue cannot be left unseen. Therefore, the firm needs to understand that with widening scope, there is immense opportunity in the field subject to the nature of business activities and environment of clients organization. It can thereby be wrapped up by saying that the firm shall implement the division on Sustainability Accounting so that the present workings and clients are not disregarded and the services to them are not affected. Also, the introduction of new division would lead to maintaining specialization in both the topics, financial accounting practices and sustainability accounting. Further, as the same is a new concept for the firm and the firm also needs a sort of training on the subject, formation of new division would be beneficial for the firm as it would enable them to continue the research and practice part without influencing the working on the present clients. (Lamberton, G., 2005). Conclusion We have arrived to a conclusion that given the situation and the present scenario, the firm should properly analyze all the aspects related to the implementation of a separate division on Sustainability Accounting keeping in view the following internal and external factors of the firm:The strengths: the firm is already dealing in the service providing of accounting and therefore it would take a less effort to introduce itself in the market.The weaknesses: the firm is encountering various internal issues such as difference in opinion amongst the partners, lack of sufficient knowledge of the subject, etc.The opportunities: the concept of sustainability accounting is emerging in the global market and therefore the opportunity can be grabbed by being an early bird in terms of responsiveness towards the changes in the external environment and traditional practices.The threats: the firm should properly analyze the demands of the market and the activities of the competitors. Recommendations We would recommend the firm: To have a healthy communication amongst the partners regarding the agreement and disagreement on the matter. It is advisable to come out with a peaceful decision rather than a conflicting one. To study and analyze the market demand and a comparative analysis over the services and quotations provided by the competitors. To develop a team of professionals to provide expertise services in the field. To promote itself in existing, prospective and opportune market. References: 1 Gyula Flp Bettina Bettina Hdi Herndi, 2013, Sustainability Accounting: A success factor in corporate sustainability strategy, University of Latvia. 2 Aras, G. Crowther, D., 2008. Evaluating Sustainability: a Need for Standards. Social and Environmental Accounting, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 19-35. 3 Burritt, R. Schaltegger, S., 2010. Sustainability Accounting and Reporting: Fad or Trend? Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal, Vol. 23, No. 7, pp. 829-846. 4 Timothy F. Slaper Tanya J. Hall, 2011, The Triple Bottom Line: What is it and how does it work?, Indiana University Kelly School of Business, Indiana Business Research Center. 5 John Elkington, Towards the Sustainable Corporation: Win-Win-Win Business Strategies for Sustainable Development, California Management Review 36, no. 2 (1994): 90100. 6 Association of Chartered Certified Accountants, 2010, Sustainability Reporting matters. 7 Sustainability Accounting Standards Board, 2013, Conceptual framework of the Sustainability Accounting Standards Board. 8 Stefan Schaltegger Roger L. Burritt, 2010, Sustainability accounting for companies: Catchphrase or decision support for leaders?, Journal of World Business, Volume 45, pp. 375-384 . 9 Unites States Environmental Protection Agency, 2014, Green Accounting. 10 Schaltegger, S., Hasenmuller, P. (2006). Sustainability management from the perspective of business sustainability. In E. Tiemeyer K. Wilbers (Eds.), Berufliche Bildung fur nachhaltiges Wirtschaften. Konzepte, Curricula, Methoden, Beispiele. Bielefeld: Bertelsmann. pp. 7186 (only in German). 11 Lamberton, G., 2005. Sustainability accounting A brief history and conceptual framework. Accounting Forum, 29(1): pp. 7-26. 12 Accounting for Sustainable future, 2014, Using SASB Standards. 13 Cooper, S., Owen, D. (2007). Corporate social reporting and stakeholder accountability: The missing link. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 32(7): 649667. 14 Damien Currie, 2013, Sustainability Reporting Challenges and Benefits. 15 Gray, R. (1994). Corporate reporting for sustainable development: Accounting for sustainability, in 2000 AD. Environmental Values, 1745. 16 Qian, W., Burritt, R. (2008). The development of environmental management accounting: An institutional view. In S. Schaltegger, M. Bennett, R. Burritt, C. Jasch (Eds.), Environmental management accounting for cleaner production. Dordrecht: Springer. pp. 233248. 17 United Nations (2003), Handbook of National Accounting, Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting 2003 (SEEA 2003). 18 PCSD (Philippine Council for Sustainable Development) (2007), Sustainable Development in Public Sector DecisionMaking. 19 Hughes, P. (2007), Sustainability Reporting as a Driver of Sustainability Innovation: An Introduction to Sustainability Reporting and the Global Reporting Initiative, presentation at CPA Australias National Public Sector Convention 2007. 20 INTOSAI WGEA (International Organization of Supreme Audit Institutions) Working Group on Environmental Auditing (2004), Sustainable Development: The Role of Supreme Audit Institutions.

The Importance Of Water To Life On Earth Essays -

The Importance of Water to Life on Earth Water is the most important substance in our evolution and our daily lives. Without water, life as we know it would not have been possible. This essay will examine the water molecule in order to ascertain how it brought about Earth's thriving ecosystem and how important it is to us today. Each water molecule consists of one oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms. The oxygen atom (or the apex of the water molecule) bears a slight electronegative charge while hydrogen possesses a more positive one1 (figure a). Because opposite charges attract, the water molecules are drawn together. When an oxygen atom is linked to a neighboring molecule's hydrogen atom, a bond called a hydrogen bond is formed2. In an ice crystal the hydrogen bonds govern the shape of the crystal so that the grid of molecules surrounds relatively large spaces (imagine figure b in three dimensions). In a liquid form, water has no such spaces; thus ice is less dense and will float on liquid water. If not for this, great bodies of water would freeze from the bottom up without the insulation of a top layer of ice and all life in the water would die. The water molecule is a very small one but because of its unique properties it behaves like a larger one. The bonds between water molecules are so strong that water resists changes in its state (Solid, liquid, gas); thus water has a higher melting point and a higher boiling point than another molecule of similar size. If water followed the example of other molecules its size it would have a boiling point of -75?C and a freezing point of -125?C4. This would mean that, on Earth, water would be a gas all of the time and life would not be possible. When heat is applied to solid water, some hydrogen bonds get so much kinetic energy that they break and the ice melts. Liquid water does not necessarily have all four hydrogen bonds present at all times but it must retain some of them5. For any object to penetrate water, it must be able to break the hydrogen bonds on the surface of the water. These bonds resist breaking thus forming a "skin" that allows small insects to walk on the surface of the water. Without the cohesiveness of water, those insects would not have survived. All plant life on Earth benefits from the ability of water to make a hydrogen bond with another substance of similar electronegative charge. Cellulose, the substance that makes up cell walls and paper products, is a hydrophilic substance ("water-loving")6. It interacts with water but, unlike other hydrophilic substances, it will not dissolve in it. Cellulose can form strong hydrogen bonds with water molecules7. This explains why a paper towel will "wick" water upwards when it comes in contact with it. Each water molecule will make a hydrogen bond with cellulose and pull another water molecule up from down below and so on. Without this feature (capillary action8), plants would find it more difficult to transport water up their stems to the leaves in order to make food through photosynthesis. Water has a very high heat capacity. Most of the heat introduced to water is used not to set water molecules in motion (giving them kinetic energy and causing their temperature to rise), but to move hydrogen atoms around between neighboring oxygen atoms9. If all of this heat was used solely to warm the water, living cells would boil in their own heat. Every action in a living cell releases some heat. If the heat was not dissipated by the water, all living things would cook themselves. In order for water to evaporate from the surface of liquid water, a certain amount of energy must be expended to break its hydrogen bonds. Because these hydrogen bonds are so strong, water requires a lot of heat to boil (100?C). When water vaporizes, it takes along all of the heat energy required to break its bonds thus having a powerful cooling effect on the original body of water 10. It takes very little water loss to cool water substantially. If humans had no way

Recruiting a Manager for a New Organization

Recruiting a Manager for a New Organization Introduction When creating interview questions, it is important to be aware of certain important facts. Some people have argued that the best interview questions are those that seek to establish how a candidate has behaved in the past. The candidate’s past performance is then used to predict his or her future actions.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Recruiting a Manager for a New Organization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This paper discusses the characteristics and experiences that are desirable for the job of the services division manager based on the information provided by the vice president of the services division. Later, a list of probable interview questions is presented. Desired Job Characteristics For the candidate to succeed on this job, he or she has to be self motivated and must be able to work without any form of supervision. A self motivated person will take time to understand the business go als and develop strategies to that will lead to the achievement of the goals (Vercillo, 2011). It is also very important for the candidate to possess good leadership skills. Bearing in mind that customer service is very significant to the growth of any business the candidate must be very skilled at dealing with customers. Although customers will mostly interact with the rest of the employees, any difficult problems encountered in the process of dealing with customers, will usually be directed to the manager who is expected to calm down the situation before things get out of control. It is therefore very critical for the business to employ a manager who will be able to make all customers happy. This includes the most difficult ones. By handling customers well, the business will be able to retain its existing customers while endeavoring to win more (Vercillo, 2011). Another desirable characteristic is integrity and trustworthiness. Although it may be quite a challenge to determine the se characteristics during an interview, asking the right questions can help to generate some useful facts. The employer needs to be assured that the employee can be trusted (Vercillo, 2011). Dependability is also a very essential character of a service division manager. With a dependable manager in charge of affairs, an employer does not need to worry. This manager will report to work on time, will not sleep on the job and can be available when required to attend to urgent matter or even stay back after official working hours to complete pending work.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The employer also needs assurance that when manager is asked to do something, it is as good as done. It is also helpful for the service manager to be a trusting person. He should all that is necessary to empower his or her subordinates (Vercillo, 2011). The candidate must also possess e ffective communication and listening skills. Besides communicating with employees within and outside the department, the manager will be required to deal with external customers. It is common for customers to get irritated when asked to repeat a request and hence the need for effective listening skills. Being able to recap what the customer said is one way of telling them that you care (Curtis, 2009). It is therefore indispensable for the candidate to be a good listener. The candidate should also be a good problem solver and must also be able to manage others employees. According to Vercillo (2011), the candidate must also be able to remain calm during rough times, knowledgeable about the industry and optimistic. Desired Experience Looking at the desired characteristics for the job, the preferred candidate must be experienced in a number of areas. Before anything else, the candidate must have previously worked as a manager and preferably in a similar service industry. To inspire sta ff in the newly formed services department, the candidate must also be good at team building as well as managing people. The candidate must have had opportunities to work with being supervised and must be an outstanding leader. There must also be evidence of the candidate being entrusted with vital responsibilities. Questions to Determine if the Candidate Can Take Charge There are various questions that can be asked to check if a candidate is suitable for the job. In the given scenario, the following questions may be useful: Have you ever led a department, a project or any activity in a previous job? Explain you performed as a leader and how the team responded to your leadership.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Recruiting a Manager for a New Organization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This question can be asked to establish if the candidate has the desired leadership qualities (Heathfield, 2011). The service depar tment has just been established and according to the vice president of the services division, a good leader is required to strengthen it. What is your leadership style like? This question aims to find out if the candidate is familiar with the different leadership styles (Schwartz Dropo, n.d). A candidate who knows his or her leadership style is likely to make changes whenever as is necessary so as to meet the demands of the job. It is about activity in an appropriate way to respond to a given situation. Have you ever set goals in the past? Did you achieve them set? This question will help to check the ability of a candidate to set achievable goals ands follow through to accomplish them. It also intends to find out if the candidate is self motivated and whether he or she can work without supervision. Given that the successful candidate will be managing a team of other employees in the service division, the vice president will not be pleased with a manager who has to be pushed around to do his or her work. The manager should have a clear vision of how to grow the department (Schwartz Dropo, n.d). Good planning is essential and this question will also help to test whether or not the candidate can plan well. What do you understand by the concept of employee empowerment? What crosses your mind when you think about empowered employees?Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A manager can not succeed alone. The support of his juniors is a vital component of his success. This question is therefore meant to determine to what degree the candidate is able to trust his or her subordinates with work responsibilities (Heathfield, 2011). Will he or she feel threatened by the thought of an empowered employee? A confident manager will be proud of the successes of his or her juniors. What in your opinion is effective communication? Describe a job experience whereby you had to speak up so as to be convinced that others understood perfectly what you your thoughts and feelings were. With this question, the employer can find out if the candidate is an effective communicator. The successful candidate will interact with fellow staff and customers. The employer needs to know that the manager will handle all communication properly (UCSF, n.d). An urgent project is soon coming to an end and you have been given a number of tasks to be completed within a very short period. E xplain how you would establish priorities. Time and again, the service division manager will be faced with tight deadlines to be met and good tact is needed to ensure successful delivery. This question is therefore meant to check how effective the candidate will be in executing his or her job tasks (UCFS, n.d). Describe a scenario that tested your problem solving skills. What did you do? Problem solving is one thing that a manager can not run away from. The problems may be either internal or external. With this question, the employer will be able to determine if the candidate is good at analyzing and solving problems. A good problem solver is a great asset to the business (UCSF, n.d). Have you ever had innovative ideas at work? Did you manage to implement them? Why do you consider them to be innovative? Situations often come about that require a manager to think outside the box. This question is therefore meant to check the conceptual skills of the candidate. How good is the candida te at acting exceptionally? Have you ever worked with others in a team? Was the team successful in achieving its objective? Describe the part you played on the team and its success. The manager will be required to motivate his team. An effective motivator is also a good team player. This question will be useful in determining if a candidate can lead a team successfully (UCSF, n.d). References Curtis, L. (2009). Ten Tips to Good Customer Service. Andover, MA: Helium, Inc. Retrieved from: helium.com/items/1460675-tips-for-customer-service. Heathfield, S. M. (2011). Leadership Job Interview  Questions. New York: About.com. Retrieved from: http://humanresources.about.com/od/leadership/a/leader_question.htm. Schwartz, A. E. Dropo, C. (n.d). Tools for Becoming a Successful Manager. Colorado, US: The Trainers Direct. Retrieved from: trainersdirect.com/resources/articles/ManagementSkills/ToolsForBecominganEffectiveManagerSchwartz.htm. Vercillo, K. (2011). 10 Good Traits and Characteris tics of a Successful Manager. San Francisco, CA: HubPages Inc. Retrieved from: http://kathrynvercillo.hubpages.com/hub/10-Traits-of-a-Successful-Manager. University of California, San Francisco (UCSF). (n.d). Samples of Appropriate Interview Questions. San Francisco, CA: University of California, San Francisco. Retrieved from: http://ucsfhr.ucsf.edu/index.php/staffing/article/samples-of-appropriate-interview-questions/.

A Study On Classical Conditioning Psychology Essay

A Study On Classical Conditioning Psychology Essay In classical conditioning, an unconditioned stimulus (something that will always lead to a reaction of some type) leads to an unconditioned response (a natural reaction to the UCS). A neutral stimulus (NS) becomes paired with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS). This is also called the Pavlovian conditioning because Ivan Pavlov discovered classical conditioning in an experiment involving dogs. Eventually, the pairing of the NS and the UCS leads to an UCR. The conditioned stimulus (CS), which used to be the NS, will be associated with a response (CR). The CS really has no connection to the response but through the conditioning, the subject learns to associate their conditioned response with the CS. Classical conditioning is a form of learning in which the subject begins to associate a behavior with a certain stimuli. This paper discusses classical and operant conditioning, rephrasing what they are, and explaining them with real-life examples. Classical and operant conditioning are differ ent methods of learning. The two methods have the word conditioning in common. What is conditioning? Conditioning is the acquisition of specific patterns of behavior in the presence of well-defined stimuli. Both classical and operant conditioning are basic forms of learning. Classical conditioning is a type of learning in which an organism learns to transfer a natural response from one stimulus to another, previously neutral stimulus. This is done by manipulating reflexes. Operant conditioning is a type of learning in which the likelihood of a behavior is increased or decreased by the use of reinforcement or punishment. Operant conditioning deals with more cognitive thought process. These two forms of learning have similarities and differences. Their similarities are that they both produce basic phenomena. One such phenomenon is acquisition. Both types of conditioning result in the inheritance of a behavior. One of the most famous of experiments that illustrates classical conditioni ng is Pavlov’s Dogs. In this experiment, Pavlov sat behind a one-way mirror and controlled the presentation of a bell. The bell was the conditioned stimulus. A conditioned stimulus was an originally neutral stimulus that could eventually produce a desired response when presented alone. Directly after the ringing of the bell, Pavlov gave the dog food. The food was the unconditioned stimulus. This means that the food caused an uncontrollable response whenever it was presented alone. That response would be the salivation of the dog. A tube that was in the dog’s mouth then measured the saliva. When the unconditioned stimulus (US) was paired with a conditioned stimulus (CS), it eventually resulted in a conditioned response. Extinction results if there is a decrease in frequency or strength of a learned response due to the failure to continue to pair the US and the CS. Extinction can also occur in operant conditioning. The key to operant conditioning is reinforcement. Reinfo rcement is when a stimulus is presented that increases the probability that the preceding response will recur in the future. If reinforcement is withheld, extinction will occur in operant conditioning. Another factor that is involved in conditioning is spontaneous recovery. That is the reappearance of an extinguished response after the passage of time, without further training. If Pavlov’s dogs did not hear the bell for a few years, and if when they heard it later they drooled, it would be an example of spontaneous recovery. Something similar occurs with operant conditioning. If an animal was conditioned to behave in a certain manor, but then their reinforcement was stopped, that animal may still have a reaction to the stimulus at a much later date. Organisms that are being conditioned through operant or classical conditioning can go through something that is known as stimulus generalization. This is when there is a transfer of a learned response to different but similar stim uli. An example would be if one of Pavlov’s dogs salivated to the sound of a bell that was different from the one that they were originally conditioned with. Stimulus discrimination is another phenomena that occurs with classical and operant conditioning. Discrimination is when an organism learns to respond to only one stimulus and inhibit the response to all other stimuli. It is the reverse of generalization. If an organism hears many different sounds, but is only given reinforcement for responding to only one of the sounds, it learns to discriminate between the sounds. Some of the differences between operant and classical conditioning lie in the extent to which reinforcement depends on the behavior of the learner. In classical conditioning, the learner is automatically reinforced. That is how it learns to respond to a once neutral stimulus. In operant conditioning, the learner must provide a correct response in order to received the reinforcement. Another difference between the two forms of conditioning is the type of behavior to which each method applies. Classical conditioning applies to a behavior that is always wanted. It was Pavlov’s purpose to have the dogs salivate on command. In operant conditioning, a behavior can be learned or extinguished. If you wanted to train a dog not to do something, you would use a form of punishment. Classical and operant conditioning are similar, but they do differ in a few ways. Both are fairly reliable ways to teach an organism to act in a specific manor.

Personal Philosophy of Leadership Development Assignment

Personal Philosophy of Leadership Development - Assignment Example A leader is different from a manager. Qualities define a leader. These qualities are inborn and it means leaders are born. Skills that a person acquires make him or her manager. This means that not all managers are leaders. Leadership means service to the people. A leader is a servant to the people he leads. He is bestowed with the responsibility of bettering the lives of his or her followers. Leadership development is useful to individuals who aim at improving their leadership skills. Leadership development is important as it creates a passion in leaders to lead their followers and serve them accordingly. This paper articulates my personal philosophy of leadership development and my development as a leader. Unique qualities characterize a leader. First leaders must possess character. Actions define character. Leaders understand that success is founded on character. An ideal leader possesses strong character, which assures the people he leads, that he will provide success. First impressions create lasting impression. A leader has to seal the deal with a first impression. Charisma does it for first impressions. Making others feel good is the best way of having charisma. A leader has to be courageous. People cannot put their trust in a coward. Courage builds confidence, and self-confidence is leadership at work. An ideal leader has focus. Focus entails prioritizing important factors and concentrating on them to accomplishment. Priorities without concentration gets nothing done, resulting to no progress. Concentration without priories limits growth and progress.

English as a Second Language Learning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

English as a Second Language Learning - Essay Example Yule also outlines six traits inherent in language but are not all realized in animal communication. Therefore, animal communication may exhibit some of them but not all of them. This includes the following: First of all is the notion of duality in which language is organized at two distinct levels which makes it possible to produce different meanings from combining same segments. For instance, b ,a , and d can be combined to produce dab and bad which have totally different meanings.(†¦ibid)Secondly, animals have a bistratal communication system while humans have a tristatal one. The bistratal system unlike its counterpart cannot be manipulated to produce different messages. A case in point is the mowing of a cow. This could be interpreted differently depending on the context. It could mean it needs grass, or water or calling out for its young one. Human language on the contrary as seen before combines different segments uniquely in order to vary the meanings.Displacement also i ndicates a variation because unlike animals, humans have the ability of expressing events that are far removed from time. Their grammar is developed and expresses the past through past tense and the future time aspect for things to come. Animal communication does not allow for such.Moreover, human language is arbitrary. There is no natural relationship between a word and its meaning. For example, preacher, vicar and clergy all refer the same person but there is no relationship between the sign and the signified.

Court Organization Essay Example for Free

Court Organization Essay The paper focuses on the various court organizations and the corresponding function of every court organization as a whole as well as the various functions of its internal elements. Among the court organizations that the paper aims to analyze are appellate courts and trial courts. By looking into the corresponding jurisdiction of each court organization, the paper further completes the analysis by juxtaposing the jurisdiction of one against the other. With the idea of jurisdiction, the paper also elucidates on the types of cases that each court organization handles and the legal manners in which such cases are decided. Court Organization The system of courts that comprise the totality of the American federal courts are organized essentially by the U. S. Constitution and the laws legislated by the American federal government. Among these courts that function in the American judicial branch are trial courts and appellate courts. For the most part, federal trial courts are referred to as Federal District Courts which has the authority to hear appeals from lower bodies such as the administrative law judges. On the other hand, the intermediate appellate courts are referred to as the Federal Court of Appeals which functions under a mandatory review process that amounts to the task of hearing all appeals from the lower court bodies. The organization of these two judicial bodies, generally speaking, is more parallel in contrast to being different. In essence, the differences between the federal trial courts and the appellate courts can be observed from their respective internal organizational composition. While much of the similarities between the two courts can be obtained from their general task of deciding on legal cases, their distinctive features on how they are to specifically function substantiates their individual characteristics and separates their roles despite their apparent overlapping similarities as we shall see later. What is important to note at this point is to bear in mind that appellate courts and trial courts, specifically in a federal government, have separate functions amidst the parallel characteristics that one may observe from the two. The conception of these two distinct but seemingly parallel courts can be traced from the evolution of the judicial system of the United States. Much of the written historical basis for establishing a judicial system can be extracted from the Constitution of the United States of America. The history of the American judiciary includes the Judiciary Act of 1789 which created a Supreme Court composed of one chief justice as well as five associate justices. In essence, the Act established the judiciary arm of the American government which also defined the Supreme Court’s jurisdiction. Among these jurisdictions include, but is not limited to, the appellate jurisdiction over larger civil cases as well as cases wherein state courts ruled over federal statutes. The Act also provided the composition of the lower district courts, which amounted to thirteen back then, as well as the proposition that the Supreme Court can resolve conflicts between states and that the judgment of the Supreme Court is final (â€Å"The Judiciary Act of 1789,† 1999). From the Judiciary Act of 1789, District Courts were established which had judicial responsibility over their respective districts. As these district courts were divided into circuits, the jurisdictions of these courts were divided as well according to the circuits they belong. Federal District Courts Being the general courts of the court system of America, federal district courts are the courts where both criminal and civil cases are filed. This can also be taken from the fact that federal district courts were conceived as a court both of equity and of law. Each of these courts spread across the various judicial districts unique for every state are formally named after the district where the court has jurisdiction such as the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York for instance. United States district judges are judges of the district courts of the federal government where their total numbers for every district court are defined by Congress in connection with the Judicial Code. Under Article 3, federal district judges are appointed throughout their life in their position where they can be removed involuntarily from their position in factual instances where they breach the standard of ‘good behavior’. This involuntary removal from office can be obtained through an impeachment process initiated by the House of Representatives proceeded by a trial in the Senate. After a two-thirds vote to convict is established in the Senate, only then is the federal district judge removed from his or her office. Moreover, in order for an individual to file a case in the federal district court, the individual must be able to provide a substantial justification as to why a federal court instead of a state court should decide on the case. This in turn leads to the observation that not all cases can be admitted by the federal district courts under its adjudicatory powers. Since not all legal cases can be litigated in federal courts, it is an imperative for the individual to be able to make certain that the case being filed is a federal case if the individual is after a federal case against an individual for instance. State laws are oftentimes the basis for the claims for federal district courts as in most cases the claims under state laws were pleaded and that the sole and primary source for federal jurisdiction is the variety of citizenship. There are also instances wherein the plaintiff has pleaded claims under the state law even if the case is under a federal question. In such cases, the federal district courts must decide state law claims through the application of the substantial or relevant state law in which they preside even if federal court judges apparently employ federal law for the corresponding procedure. Ironically, the opinions set forth by the state courts supersede the opinions given by federal courts and that, further, a federal court must give way to a state supreme court in matters that involve the interpretation of state laws. In essence, a final court ruling by any district court in criminal or civil cases can be appealed towards the Court of Appeals of the United States with respect to the corresponding federal judicial circuit under which the district court is situated. One exception to this is that some rulings from federal district courts which involves patents and several other matters that are specialized must be appealed to the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. In several rare occasions, the cases may be directly forwarded and appealed immediately to the Supreme Court of the United States. Federal Court of Appeals The Federal Courts of Appeals of America are considered as the mid-level appellate courts under the system of federal courts of America. It is the court that adjudicates the appeals for cases previously decided by the federal district courts of the United States which is under the corresponding federal judicial circuit. In essence, the total number of thirteen Courts of Appeals in the United States is positioned between the Supreme Court and the District Courts of the United States although there are cases where a case can be appealed directly to the Supreme Court. As every particular state in the United States has its own structure of appellate courts, it leads to the variations on how cases are to be handled. For instance, the Court of Appeals in the state of New York is considered as the highest court within the state inasmuch as it is the court of ultimate resort within the legal confines and jurisdiction of the state. One exception, however, are cases that pose questions concerning the federal law where they can be appealed from the respective court of appeals to the Supreme Court. What differentiates a federal district court from a federal court of appeals? The answer to this question rests on the legal presumption that the court of appeals can reevaluate and overturn any previous decision from federal district courts. This is essentially initiated by the instance when the accused who was previously given a ‘guilty’ verdict files an appeal to the federal court of appeals. This can be observed from what has been termed under the ‘due process of the law. ’ The term itself implies the administration of equal laws according to established rules, not violating the fundamental principles of private right, by a competent tribunal having jurisdiction of the case and proceeding upon notice and hearing. Nevertheless, one must not fail to recognize that certain lower court decisions can be overturned which then presents the idea that these lower court decisions are not yet final. For one, the decisions upheld by federal district court justices can be overturned by a higher court. However, the higher courts cannot instantaneously initiate a thorough reconsideration and cannot simply arrive at a decision—either the court will uphold the decision of the lower court or overturn the judgment—without a ‘formal’ appeal from the accused. For instance, the case of Pell v. E. I. DuPont de Nemours Co. Inc. gives us a brief sketch on how accused parties can resort to a reconsideration of a previous district court decision. In the case, the district court of Delaware earlier denied the request of the plaintiff for restitution for unduly payments for pension that are deemed low. In consequence the plaintiff resorted to a motion for reconsideration for the district court which, in the end, the court denied for the reason that the plaintiff failed to discharge the high burden necessary to prevail on the motion filed by the plaintiff. In essence, the case and the plaintiff’s motion for reconsideration emphasize the ideas: that the district court can look into a motion for reconsideration from the plaintiff once filed and, conversely, that the district court can either deny or grant the motion. In contrast to the function of federal district courts to hold trial and determine the punishment for criminal cases or damages which will be awarded, the appellate courts of the federal government do not essentially hold trials as part of their innate legal function. On the other hand, these courts merely serve the legal function of reviewing the decisions of federal trial courts for the existence of any errors of law. This conversely relates the idea that these courts merely have appellate jurisdiction. Moreover, federal appellate courts do not accept anything else other than the records from the federal trial courts such as the papers that both legal parties have filed as well as the exhibits and transcripts relating to the trial. The federal appellate courts also consider the legal arguments of the involved parties in the case. With these ideas in hand, one can note the essential differences which separate one court from the other. More importantly, the scheme in which court hearings and legal cases flow signify that there is a formal system being strictly followed. That is, an individual cannot originally file a legal complaint against another individual or entity in the appellate courts for such an instance is not the definitive function of federal appellate courts. Moreover, a plaintiff can still resort to an appeal to the federal court of appeals once the verdict of the lower courts, or the federal district courts for instance, do not favor their side. All of this information leads us towards the larger understanding that there is indeed what we call a ‘court organization’ which gives a formal and rigid structure to the entire legal system especially in a federal government. The hierarchy in courts or the court organization in general limits certain legal actions while sustaining the due process of law. While the organization of courts gives certain limitations, it can be seen as a legal tool for securing the systematic approach for meticulously arriving at crucial decisions. Let us now look into the advantages and disadvantages that come along with the very nature and structure of the organization of courts, specifically between federal district courts and federal appellate courts, in a federal system of government. Advantages and disadvantages It is an established fact that appellate courts cannot simply address a legal appeal without the parties requesting for one. Moreover, appellate courts do not have the legal jurisdiction of hearing trials and providing punishments and damages to individuals and other entities. Conversely, these things suggest the ideas that there must first be an appeal and that, second, there must be previous court decisions on which the appellate courts will derive their corresponding decision. Hence, an appealing party has the advantage of going through a rigorous examination of their case which ensures that the decisions made until it reaches the Supreme Court are carefully brought into proper attention. On the other hand, the very organization of the court makes it a disadvantage for the appealing party at least in terms of resources. Specifically, financial resources must be present o as to sustain a continuous appeal for the appealing parties as the case ascends higher into the hierarchy of courts. Financial resources, for the most part, applies very well for the funding of legal battles which come in the form of payments for legal services rendered and other related expenses. In essence, appellate courts, being the courts between the trial courts and the Supreme Court, stand in the way for appellants to go directly to the Supreme Court for a final appeal. Nevertheless, these appellate courts were not essentially established to hinder individuals from going directly to the higher court but to see to it that lower court rulings are kept in accordance to the law while giving the Supreme Court a lesser task to attend to so that the Court can focus on larger issues that need large amounts of careful analysis. On the other hand, it appears that federal district courts can also legally entertain motions for reconsideration which barely amounts to an appeal to the appellate courts. Hence, plaintiffs, for instance, have the option to file a motion for reconsideration in federal district courts before filing an appeal to the appellate court once the motion for reconsideration is denied by the district court. One disadvantage to this scheme is that it takes a considerable length of time assuming that the plaintiff is willing to take all legal paths so as to attain the desired court decision. The value that must be noted here is that a seemingly justified and rightful decision comes as several expenses. These expenses, for the most part, come in the form of time and financial resources. These two elements are exhaustible which presents the idea that either an individual can spend a considerable fraction of his or her life fighting a legal case for the rightful decision or a certain court, the appellate court for instance, can hinder the individual’s attempt inasmuch as the court sees fit. On a deeper analysis, one can observe that if a certain federal district court grants the motion for reconsideration filed by a plaintiff, it translates into the acceptance that, at some point in time, the court has failed to see all the angles in the case and provide the necessary, justified, and rightful decision. For instance, a federal district court can decide to grant the motion for reconsideration filed. However doing so leaves us the assumption that the trial court accepts its failure to formally account and resolve the legal case. While the courts are essentially expected o arrive at firm decisions bounded within the confines of the law, these courts are not essentially assumed to commit to error either deliberately or unintentionally. In any case, federal district courts are at the helm or core of the case since these are the courts that primarily decide on verdicts and that the role of the higher courts, in essence, can be seen as something more of a reviewing body that realigns the decisions of the lower courts in accordance to the law. The need for court organization Is it possible to arrive at a substantial decision from among courts if they re not linked in one way or another? For instance, if the federal district courts and federal appellate courts function entirely separate without having a schematic purpose or correlation, would it lead to a substantial advantage to the people they serve? Interestingly, it can be seen that one of the primary reasons why court organization has been established is to give an ample room for reviewing and realigning previous court decisions in a lawful manner. Although federal trial courts are the primary courts where legal cases are filed and decided, it can be noted, however, that federal district courts are not the penultimate courts where no appeal can be filed. Quite on the contrary, the fact that these courts allow individuals to file a motion for reconsideration of court rulings brings us towards the perception that these courts may not be entirely devoid of committing to either partially or totally erroneous court decisions. Since federal courts, and perhaps any other courts, are still open to unintentionally committing errors in judgment, there must be at least a scheme that addresses such a situation. Otherwise, any court would hardly be able to correct its own misjudgments or the misjudgments of other lower courts. Given this observation, court organization—specifically the manners in which federal district courts are lower than appellate courts at least in terms of the scope of jurisdiction—can help resolve the underlying problems that may substantially arise over the course of time. How can court organization be able to help resolve the underlying problems in erroneous court rulings? The answer to this question rests on the premise that, by placing a certain hierarchy among courts and by limiting and specifying the jurisdiction for every court, certain decision can be reviewed and be realigned in accordance to the proper dictates of the law. By having a form of checking the decisions of the lower courts—for instance, the case between federal district courts and federal appellate courts—higher courts such as appellate courts can see or reiterate that the decision of the lower courts is fitting. On the other hand, appellate courts can also reverse the previous decision of the lower courts. What is important to note here is that the organization of courts, specifically the jurisdiction under which they operate, allows for a ‘refining’ of previous court decisions given the instances where there is an appeal from the concerned party. Although federal district courts can entertain motions for reconsideration from the concerned party, it does not necessarily translate to the idea that the party can resort to an infinite number of motions for reconsideration until the court has decided favorably to the side of the party. The very idea of court organization gives due importance of an appeal from individuals. This it does by allowing the individual to file for a motion or an appeal yet in a planned scheme. By ‘planned scheme’, what is being contended is that, from the lower courts to the Supreme Court, the right of the party to file for an appeal or a motion is met by dispersing the jurisdiction of courts to hear the appeal or motion sequentially. That is, the party must follow the sequences or procedures established by the law when appealing. For the most part and in most cases, an ordinary individual cannot go directly straight to the Supreme Court to file for an appeal without having first to pass through the lower appellate courts. Like in most organizational scheme, a hierarchy of the divisions of the organization permits a systematic approach in handling the tasks innate to the function of the organization. Since the court system of a federal government is an essential and significant portion of the government’s functioning, it is an imperative that the court system must be given due attention. One way to achieve this end is to provide a scheme in which the entire court system will be able to effectively handle its multifarious tasks from the bottom level to the larger degree. This ‘scheme’ is parallel to a court organization whereby there is a level of court divisions handling specific functions. As we have seen, federal district courts are the courts which receive the cases filed by individuals. On the other hand, federal appellate courts are the courts which receive appeals from individuals seeking a decision that legally favors them. Conclusion The system of courts that comprise the totality of the American federal courts are organized essentially by the U. S. Constitution and the laws legislated by the American federal government. Federal District Courts and Appellate Courts are two of the courts in the federal government that serve the identical functions of bringing justified and lawful decisions to legal cases. On the other hand, these two court systems also have varying functions. In essence, the differences they have rest on their respective jurisdictions. References Courts. Appellate Jurisdiction of Supreme Court. Suit against United States. (1919). The Yale Law Journal, 28(5), 513. Appellate Practice: Power to Amend Judgments. (1927). Michigan Law Review, 25(7), 789. Constitutional Law. Construction, Operation, and Enforcement of Constitutions. Constitutionality of an Appellate Court with Final Jurisdiction. (1931). Harvard Law Review 25(2), 187. Federal Courts. State Rule Holding Payment of Federal Judgment Attached in State Court a Valid Satisfaction of the Judgment Not Controlling on Federal Court. (1940). Virginia Law Review, 27(2), 231. Constitutional Law. Judicial Powers. Statute Authorizing Appellate Court to Pass on Motion for New Trial Undisposed of by Trial Court Held Unconstitutional. (1941). Harvard Law Review, 54(8), 1391. Federal Courts. Relations of Federal and State Courts. Federal Interpretation of State Legislation. (1954). Harvard Law Review, 37(8), 1140. Collins, M. G. (2005). The Federal Courts, the First Congress, and the Non-Settlement of 1789. Virginia Law Review, 91(7), 1515. Fair, D. R. (1971). State Intermediate Appellate Courts: An Introduction. The Western Political Quarterly, 24(3), 415. Grunbaum, W. F. , Wenner, L. M. (1980). Comparing Environmental Litigation in State and Federal Courts. Publius, 10(3), 129. Haas, K. C. (1982). The Comparative Study of State and Federal Judicial Behavior Revisited. The Journal of Politics, 44(3), 721. J. , G. (1929). Courts: Appellate Courts: Review of Findings. California Law Review, 18(1), 84. Newman, J. O. (1989). Restructuring Federal Jurisdiction: Proposals to Preserve the Federal Judicial System. The University of Chicago Law Review, 56(2), 761. ONeill, M. E. (1990). A Two-Pronged Standard of Appellate Review for Pretrial Bail Determinations. The Yale Law Journal, 99(4), 885. Richardson, R. J. , Vines, K. N. (1967). Review, Dissent and the Appellate Process: A Political Interpretation. The Journal of Politics, 2(3), 597. The Judiciary Act of 1789. (1999). Retrieved September 5, 2007, from http://usinfo. state. gov/usa/infousa/facts/democrac/8. htm Yuhas, G. (1976). Statewide Public Defender Organizations: An Appealing Alternative. Stanford Law Review, 29(1), 157. Outline Introduction The paper will initially provide the substantial facts and accounts to court organizations as a whole, including a brief sketch of its history and evolution as well as its current state. The introductory part will conclude with a brief overview of the trial courts and appellate courts. Body The paper will further substantiate on the essential attributes for the trial courts and appellate courts correspondingly which will then be used as a basis for the varying approaches trial and appellate courts handle and decide cases as well as the jurisdictions of every court organization. By introducing these various factors, the paper will then attempt to establish an account of the jurisdiction, including the possibility of overlap in jurisdiction as well as restrictions thereof, for every court organization. The body of the paper will conclude with a paragraph restating the differences and similarities between the two court organizations. Conclusion In conclusion, the paper shall provide a brief rerun of what has previously been discussed to be followed by an account of each court’s jurisdiction as well as the unique roles of every internal element of trial and appellate courts.

Mentoring a Third Year Student Nurse Essay -- reflect on mentoring expe

For this assignment I will address Morton- Cooper & Palmer (2005) enabling traits and discussed the core skill of a mentor. I will analyse and reflect on how I’ve utilised these skill with a third year student nurse in my practice area (cardiology) I will also reflect and evaluate my mentoring experience with my learner to see if there is any area of improvement or changes to be amended. The Department for Health (2001) defined a mentor as an individual who facilitates learning and supervises and assesses students in the practice setting. As mentors, they make time for there students, checked student performance, set boundaries for the shift, knew what students were learning, explain what they were doing, asked questions and challenged students and acted as positive role models. In summary an effective mentor is someone who has a particular view of the nature of human beings and how they should be treated, has certain personal attributes, up-to-date knowledge and skills related to their professional practice and a genuine desire to give time and energy to the role of mentor. This is important as its helps in building student’s confident and also be able to work in friendly environment. Morton- Cooper & Palmer (2005) has identified three characteristics /Enabling Traits of an effective mentor which would be analysed in the essay. This involved Competence, Confidence, and Commitment. As a mentor I have to prepare myself prior to meeting my student needs. My manager gave me details of my student including the year and duration on the ward. With this information, I prepared my shift rota to fit in with my student for the first week. I met with my student for the first time and introduced myself to her as her mentor. I ... ...n important role in developing nursing students’ learning. The interaction with patients and their families during this experience helps nursing students to develop technical, psychomotor, interpersonal and communication skills (Banning et al 2006). In conclusion, mentoring is an important and effective adult learning strategy. There is a need to recognize that once one take on the role of mentor, there will be need to be equip with relevant educational training and with up to date knowledge. Being a mentor has given me the opportunity to develop learning skills in my clinical practice that will contribute to students learning in the future. It is ideal for mentor and student to link prior to starting the placement. The reflection process has given me skills to reflect, address strengths, weakness and the opportunity to address issues within practice area.

Cross cultural differences in personality

Cross cultural differences in personality The aim of the work is to critically evaluate the evidence of cross cultural differences in personality and to come to the relevant conclusion, whether such differences exist and what impact they create on various sides of the personality life activity.IntroductionNumerous studies have been conducted to research the cross cultural differences of various aspects in personality behavior – starting from psychological side, and ending with the difference in business leadership and online and computer attitudes; however there is still a question – whether these the results of these studies are relevant and is it possible to assume that cross cultural differences exist – or based on the older economic theories, all personalities have similar behavioral patterns which are not different across cultures? Cross cultural personality studiesThe experimental researches conducted in the area of cross cultural differences in personality have found that people behave in different and various ways, in distinction from the basic economic theory that the phenomenon of personality is traditionally common across different ethnic groups. When one endeavors to discover the reasons and cores of this controversy, it appears that the great extent of impact is created by the social environment people live in. this is why cultural element in defining the reasons of cross cultural differences is essential in this study and in personality differences as such.If one takes two different regions of the globe and considers the differences between these two regions as well as the changes in the personality which occur under these two different environments, as well as the differences between the personalities traditionally found in both societies, they will not only be geographically distant, but also culturally which will ultimately define these or those behavioral patterns accepted in this or that society under research. (Brandts, Saijo & Schram, 2004) Researches show that there are significant differences in traits between different ethnic groups and between the countries.It will be interesting to take New Zealand and international sample as an example and critically evaluate the methods and evidences of the cross cultural differences found in this study; it is also essential to critically evaluate the evidence acquired in laboratory tests of cross cultural differences. In order to make the New Zealand study relevant, the three different groups of respondents were taken – New Zealand respondents were divided into Europeans, Maori and Pacific Islanders, with the addition of the absolutely different ethnic groups from South Africa and Australia.It is stated that there have been revealed significant differences in the personality traits both on the New Zealand and on the international level. The largest differences at the international level were notices in the aspects of agreeableness, neuroticism and e xtraversion. In terms of the inner New Zealand groups the principal cross cultural personality differences were discovered in those traits which are usually determining for job performance – conscientiousness and neuroticism. (Allen, 2001) Evaluation of the theoriesIn the cultural dimension several theories have been created to explain the differences between the personalities in the cross cultural aspect. Considering these theories critically, it should be assumed that they have not been created without any reason, and there have existed solid grounds to assume that depending on what culture of origin is the source of social patterns for the personality, it is possible to define the basic criteria of personality characteristics. For example, the theory created by Markus & Kitayama (1991) states that ‘the cultures endow individuals with different principles that influence behavior.‘ The author of this theory argued that one of the cultural dimensions is always mea sured through the line of individualism versus collectivism, and these traits should be included into the set of basic characteristics peculiar of the personality in the cross cultural perspective. one dimension of national culture is measured along a continuum from ‘collectivism' to ‘individualism,' defining societies in which the interest of the group prevails over the interest of the individual as ‘collectivistic', and those in which the interest of the individual prevails over the interest of the group as individualistic†. (Allen, 2001)While the traditions and the history of this or that country or ethnic group may be characterized by being either individualistic or collectivist, it is possible to reasonably assume that cross cultural personality differences exist (if one takes an example of the US being an individualistic country and promoting individual values versus collectivist ones, while the countries of Eastern Asia for example, promote opposite va lues, it becomes clear that even it were the only feature of differences between personalities, it would prove the assumption that these differences exist and would also lead to the discovery of the new ones).Critical evaluation of the methodologies There is a five factor model which is used for the evaluation of the cross cultural personality differences, and it has also been objectively created on the basis of the knowledge about the basic personal characteristics which define personal behavior and reaction. the five-factor model comprised of five global personality traits, commonly referred to as the Big Five, now enjoys wide acceptance as the most comprehensive and parsimonious model of the structure of personality.The Big Five traits are most commonly referred to as: Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness to Experience, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness. Evaluating the evidence of cross cultural personality differences, one may find in literary sources that just described Big F ive Model has also been based on the reasonable assumptions as for the existence of these differences. It was based on the English lexicon and Western culture, and this was the first theory to raise the concern as for the cross cultural generalisability.It was noted that if the environment is capable of impacting personality, these five model structures would not be found in all cultures. The presence of different aspects of the Big Five model would depend on the culture under research. Personality assessments are culturally generalisable to enable cross-cultural comparisons, and also to ensure their fairness in the multicultural societies. (Barrick & Mount, 1991)However many questions in relation to these study and the relevance and reliability of these results arise – for example, whether the group respondents were of the same social group (age, profession, interests, career, family status etc), and were the researches conducted in the similar surroundings and situations. O n the other hand, if we assume that in order to create such perfect ideal surrounding laboratory tests would be the most appropriate ones, there are stil doubts whether these tests are reliable and can roduce rleevant results.(Ones & Andersen, 2002) For example, if we take the case with the research of the cross cultural personality differences in New Zealand, Research into the cross-cultural generalisability of personality structure has been conducted through factor analytic studies of personality descriptors in foreign languages. It has also been studied through the translation of personality assessments and comparison of the resulting factor structure with the United States normative structure.Analyses of personality descriptors in foreign languages have typically identified five factors. However, the five personality factors rarely correspond with the original five factors based on United States samples. This lack of correspondence is likely to arise because personality trait de scriptors rarely translate directly between languages. However, the finding that lexical studies typically identify five, or close to five, personality factors is considered as evidence for the cross-cultural generalisability of personality structure.(Barrick & Mount, 1991) The translation of questionnaire items can, however, present problems as some trait adjectives do not have direct translations. Despite this limitation, research has attempted to gauge the cross-cultural replicability of personality structure through the translation of personality assessments. Sometimes the cross cultural variability was viewed thrugh the six different assessments, but the five assessment model was still found the most appropriate as letting to find the bigger number of similarities in languages.Despite the already described limitations, it has still be found that Big Five model of personality structure was replicated through the diverse cultures through both lexical and questionnaire methods. Th e existence of such model is not necessarily translated into the endorsement or rejection of various traits and behavioral patterns, and is equivalent across the cultures. This critical evaluation of the methods gives certain doubts as for the reliability of the existing evidence of cross cultural diversity across various ethnic groups.Yet these methods are widely used for the research of these differences. The disadvantages of the international research in cross cultural personality difference are numerous, and this is why they should be always looked at critically. For example, with the facet personality trait level, it is difficult to generalise the findings across previous studies, because ‘different personality assessments vary according to the number of and names given to the lower level traits'.(McAdams, 1992) As far as the United States is the leader of conducting these researches, the bigger part of them is devoted to the personality differences within the ethnic grou ps living in the US, but does it give solid grounds to assume that this cultural difference is similar in other ethnic groups all over the world? :Probably in order to receive reliable results in cross cultural studies it is essential to determine whether ethnic groups (even in the present study of New Zealand) are differentiated through commonly used personality asessments.It is also interesting to note, that in order to eliminate these language problems and to check the reliability of the tests and methods, it is appropriate to conduct a research across English-speaking countries, which will give the basis for assuming, whether these test methodologies are workable within the frames of the similar language between the ethnic groups under research. Speaking about laboratory tests, there is a number of certain limitations which can prevent the reader and the researcher from normal judging and evaluation of the results.While the results of any recent studies in cross cultural persona lity differences are held as being sensational and are represented without any account of the limitations, thus making the public consider cross cultural identity differences be crucial in the determining of the behavioral patterns, and letting other importantr factors remain unnoticed, there are the measurements which should be performed or taken into account while reading any such evidence and study, which will ultimately lead to the conclusion of the importance of the given results and their reliability.These are the partner and the stranger condition, and the number of games played through the study in the laboratory conditions. In some studies, authors found that under partner condition, the contribution rate was lower, whereas others found the opposite results. These conditions had an effect on the contribution rate based on their research, this is why it is often necessary not to differentiate these two conditions and to evaluate the evidence of any cross cultural research wi thout this differentiation.(Goldberg, Sweeney & Hughes, 1998) In some studies, participants only played the game once, and in other studies they played the game following an infinitely repeated fashion, typically with 10 rounds. Theoretically speaking, the contribution rate of the last round of the infinitely repeated games is equivalent to the one in the one-shot game, given the same strategy the participants could apply. Thus, these data from respective condition is comparable.Reading the study conducted in New Zealand, the first question arises in connection with the choice of participants; it was the correct step to define the gender, age and country of residence for each respondent; however, in this case the identification of the ethnic group is only available for the New Zealand inner groups, and is not specified for the international groups participated in the study.On the one hand, it may decrease the reliability of the acquired results; on the other hand, at the internation al level the results of the research do not need to be specified in terms of the specific ethnic group and give only general definitions as for the cross cultural personality difference; but again – without this specification is there any guarantee that the international group has been chosen correctly and carried the general characteristics of the wide ethnic group and is not narrowed by some small ethnic grouping, thus making the cultural difference too significant?The five traits model is also used in other cross cultural studies, and it is stated that ‘The Five Factor Model of personality is a universally valid taxonomy of traits. ‘ (McAdams, 1992) The analysis of the 33 countries and the studies of the cross cultural personality difference among these countries have allowed the researchers to come to the conclusion that this model is the most appropriate through the similar studies, and even with the account of the criticism given earlier in this work, it app ears that many studies use it as the basic method for research.This also gives the basis for doubts and critical evaluation of the reliability of the results provided by these studies; if the method used in most of them is the same and it presupposes certain limitations and even bias, thus the question is also whether these studies can be considered to be reliable. (Ones & Andersen, 2002 The beneficial side of the New Zealand approach is in the fact that it actually uses two different methods of evaluation which may potentially increase the reliability of the acquired results.Personality traits were measured using the 15 Factor Questionnaire Plus (15FQ+), a self-report personality assessment. This assessment is widely used within New Zealand, as well as internationally, and was designed specifically for personnel assessment and selection purposes. The 15FQ+ was completed by the respondents in either a pencil-and-paper format or in a computerised format. Qualified test administrators conducted the assessments following a standardised procedure and testing conditions.The assessment had no time limit, but respondents were provided with a guide of how long the assessment should take. In distinction from other studies, which mostly use one method, and which is mostly the Big Five Model (Triandis, 2002; Markus & Kitayama, 1991), the use of the two different methods certainly increases reliability and relevance of the research results. Another study (Allen, 2001) suggested that the use of the 15FQ+ tests was within the range of the reasonable validity and thus had good internal consistency.The reliability coefficients of this method were ranging from . 77 to . 89 which is essential for the tests of such kind. No information has been found as for the Five Model tests, and it should be suggested that the wide use of this method does not give any reliable basis to assume that this methodology is the best for the evaluation of these cross cultural personality differences .The results which were acquired through the research, tell the reader that out of the five basic traits, suspiciousness was the one which displayed the highest difference across the three international group of respondents, with South Africa showing the highest scores; however with the accounting of the previous criticism of the Big Five Model it is possible to assume that these results should be re-checked with the use of other methodologies, as well as with the specification of the exact ethnic group at the international level.(Barrick & Mount, 1991) Conclusion Based on the previous assumptions the following conclusions may be derived out of the information available: 1. The Laboratory tests of the cross cultural personality differences are deprived of real life connection and the participants of these studies are already assimilated thus the results of these studies cannot be supposed to be reliable. 2. The use of the Big Five model should be combined with the use of other metho dologies to produce relevant results.It is suggested, that further research is conducted within the framework of several different methodologies, and it is assumed that the results acquired through the similar studies but with the use of different methods will produce the results which are different from those in previous researches. It is suggested that the most important studies are carried out again but with different respondents and different surroundings with the account of the criticism in the present paper.The studies which exist at present, especially those using only one Big Five model of research, should be re-visited and re-considered in the light of the modern realia and the requirements towards such experiments. It is suggested that laboratory studies are excluded from the sphere of cross cultural personality studies. Works cited Allen, J. Review of Measurement of Ethnicity – Classification and Issues. Classifications and Standards Section, New Zealand, 2001. Bar rick, M. R. & Mount, M. K.‘The Big Five Personality Dimensions: A Meta-Analysis'. Personnel Psychology, 44 (1991): 1-26 Brandts, J. , Saijo, T. & Schram, A. ‘How Universal is Behavior? A Four Country Comparison. ‘ Public Choice 119 (2004): 381-424 Goldberg, L. R. , Sweeney, D. & Hughes, J. E. ‘Demographic Variables and Personality: The Effects of Gender, Age, Education, and Ethnic/ Racial Status on Self-Descriptions of Personality Attributes'. Personality and Individual Difference 24 (1998): 393-403 Markus. H. R. & Kitayama, S. ‘Culture and the Self: Implications for Cognition, Emotion and Motivation'.Psychological Review 98 (1991): 224-253 McAdams, D. P. ‘The Five-Factor Model in Personality: A Critical Appraisal'. Journal of Personality 60 (1992): 329-361 Ones, D. S. & Andersen, N. ‘Gender and Ethnic Group Differences in Personality Scales in Selection: Some British Data. ‘ Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology 75 (20 02): 255-276 Triandis, H. C. ‘The Self and Social Behavior in Differing Cultural Contexts'. Psychological Review 96 (1989): 506-520

Airline Customer Relationship Management Tool

* Airline Customer Relationship Management Tool INDEX 1. Introduction 2. System Analysis a. Existing System b. proposed System 3. Feasibility Report a. Technical Feasibility b. Operational Feasibility c. Economical Feasibility 4. System Requirement Specification Document a. Overview b. Modules Description c. Process Flow d. SDLC Methodology e. Software Requirements f. Hardware Requirements 5. System Design a. DFD b. E-R diagram c. UML d. Data Dictionary 6. Technology Description 7. Coding 8. Testing & Debugging Techniques 9. Output Screens 10. Reports 11. Future Enhancements 2. Conclusion 13. Bibliography * INTRODUCTION The Main Objective of this System is to design a system to accommodate the needs of customers. This application helps a customer to know about the flight’s information and can reserve seats throughout the globe irrespective of the location. This is a computerized system to make seats reservations, keep ticket bookings and availability details up-to-date. This w eb based system provides all flight’s information, availability of flights, availability of seats. It contains information about pilots, air hostess and airport information.It also provides time schedules for different flights and source, destination details. It provides cost of tickets and enquiry details. Features of the project Reduces the complexity present in the manual system and saves time. 1. Users can access the required data easily. 2. It maintains accurate information. 3. Provides instantaneous updated information to all users. 4. Communication is fast and clear and avoids misunderstandings. It is a computerized system to make room reservations and keep room bookings and availability of details up-to-dateSystem Analysis Purpose of the System This web based system provides all flight’s information, availability of flights, availability of seats. It contains information about pilots, air hostess and airport information. It also provides time schedules for diff erent flights and source, destination details. It provides cost of tickets and enquiry details. Existing System * This system doesn’t provide register the multiple Flights * This system doesn’t provide online help to the public Proposed SystemThe development of this new system contains the following activities, which try to develop on-line application by keeping the entire process in the view of database integration approach. * This system provide online help to the public * This system provide agents registration and book the bulk tickets * This system provide late running flights information before 3 hours * Online status of the tickets must be provided in real time Feasibility Study TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY Evaluating the technical feasibility is the trickiest part of a feasibility study.This is because, at this point in time, not too many detailed design of the system, making it difficult to access issues like performance, costs on (on account of the kind of technolog y to be deployed) etc. A number of issues have to be considered while doing a technical analysis. i) Understand the different technologies involved in the proposed system Before commencing the project, we have to be very clear about what are the technologies that are to be required for the development of the new system. i) Find out whether the organization currently possesses the required technologies * Is the required technology available with the organization? * If so is the capacity sufficient? For instance – â€Å"Will the current printer be able to handle the new reports and forms required for the new system? † OPERATIONAL FEASIBILITY Proposed projects are beneficial only if they can be turned into information systems that will meet the organizations operating requirements. Simply stated, this test of feasibility asks if the system will work when it is developed and installed.Are there major barriers to Implementation? Here are questions that will help test the op erational feasibility of a project: * Is there sufficient support for the project from management from users? If the current system is well liked and used to the extent that persons will not be able to see reasons for change, there may be resistance. * Are the current business methods acceptable to the user? If they are not, Users may welcome a change that will bring about a more operational and useful systems. * Have the user been involved in the planning and development of the project? Early involvement reduces the chances of resistance to the system and in * General and increases the likelihood of successful project. Since the proposed system was to help reduce the hardships encountered. In the existing manual system, the new system was considered to be operational feasible. ECONOMICAL FEASIBILITY Economic feasibility attempts 2 weigh the costs of developing and implementing a new system, against the benefits that would accrue from having the new system in place. This feasibility study gives the top management the economic justification for the new system.A simple economic analysis which gives the actual comparison of costs and benefits are much more meaningful in this case. In addition, this proves to be a useful point of reference to compare actual costs as the project progresses. There could be various types of intangible benefits on account of automation. These could include increased customer satisfaction, improvement in product quality better decision making timeliness of information, expediting activities, improved accuracy of operations, better documentation and record keeping, faster retrieval of information, better employee morale.System Requirement Specification Modules Description No of Modules The system after careful analysis has been identified to be presented with the following modules: The Modules involved are 1. Admin 2. Flight 3. Reservation SDLC METHDOLOGIES This document play a vital role in the development of life cycle (SDLC) as it de scribes the complete requirement of the system. It means for use by developers and will be the basic during testing phase. Any changes made to the requirements in the future will have to go through formal change approval process.SPIRAL MODEL was defined by Barry Boehm in his 1988 article, â€Å"A spiral Model of Software Development and Enhancement. This model was not the first model to discuss iterative development, but it was the first model to explain why the iteration models. As originally envisioned, the iterations were typically 6 months to 2 years long. Each phase starts with a design goal and ends with a client reviewing the progress thus far. Analysis and engineering efforts are applied at each phase of the project, with an eye toward the end goal of the project.The steps for Spiral Model can be generalized as follows: * The new system requirements are defined in as much details as possible. This usually involves interviewing a number of users representing all the external or internal users and other aspects of the existing system. * A preliminary design is created for the new system. * A first prototype of the new system is constructed from the preliminary design. This is usually a scaled-down system, and represents an approximation of the characteristics of the final product. A second prototype is evolved by a fourfold procedure: 1. Evaluating the first prototype in terms of its strengths, weakness, and risks. 2. Defining the requirements of the second prototype. 3. Planning an designing the second prototype. 4. Constructing and testing the second prototype. * At the customer option, the entire project can be aborted if the risk is deemed too great. Risk factors might involved development cost overruns, operating-cost miscalculation, or any other factor that could, in the customer’s judgment, result in a less-than-satisfactory final product. *The existing prototype is evaluated in the same manner as was the previous prototype, and if necessa ry, another prototype is developed from it according to the fourfold procedure outlined above. * The preceding steps are iterated until the customer is satisfied that the refined prototype represents the final product desired. * The final system is constructed, based on the refined prototype. * The final system is thoroughly evaluated and tested. Routine maintenance is carried on a continuing basis to prevent large scale failures and to minimize down time. The following diagram shows how a spiral model acts like:Fig 1. 0-Spiral Model ADVANTAGES * Estimates(i. e. budget, schedule etc . ) become more relistic as work progresses, because important issues discoved earlier. * It is more able to cope with the changes that are software development generally entails. * Software engineers can get their hands in and start woring on the core of a project earlier. SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT AND HARDWARE REQUIREMENT Software Requirements Operating System:Windows XP Professional or Above. Languages:C#. NET, ASP. NET Data Base:SQL Server. Web Server: IIS 5. 0 OR Above. Hardware Requirements Processor:Pentium IV Hard Disk:40GB RAM:512MB or more